UTF-32 loses in almost every case since it uses 4 bytes for every character. Since characters outside the [[basic multilingual plane]] are very rare,andit onewill ofnormally thebe bytesvery ofnearly BMPtwice charactersas inbig as UTF-32 is always 016. For seven-bit environments UTF-7 clearly wins over the combination of other Unicode encodings with [[quoted printable]] or [[base64]]. For eight-bit-clean environments things vary considerably depending on what code points are in the text.