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'''Fu Pi''' (苻丕) (d. [[386]]), [[courtesy name]] '''Yongshu''' (永叔), formally '''Emperor Aiping of (Former) Qin''' ((前)秦哀平帝), was an [[emperor]] of the [[History of China|Chinese]]/[[Di (ethnic group)|Di]] state [[Former Qin]]. He was [[Fu Jiān]]'s oldest son, although not his [[crown prince]], and after Fu Jiān's death at the hands of [[Yao Chang]], the founder of [[Later Qin]], and his brother Fu Hong (苻宏) the Crown Prince was forced to flee to [[Jin Dynasty (265-420)|Jin]], he claimed imperial title in [[385]], but was defeated by the [[Western Yan]] prince [[Murong Yong]] in 386, and then subsequently killed by the Jin general Feng Gai (馮該).
== Early career ==
Fu Pi was first mentioned in historical records in [[357]], when his father Fu Jiān overthrew the violent and whimsical emperor [[Fu Sheng]] and took the throne with the title "Heavenly Prince" (''[[Tian Wang]]''). Fu Jiān created Fu Pi, his oldest son, the Duke of Changle. At that time, Fu Pi was described to have talent in both governance and military matters, whose talents were only lesser to his uncle [[Fu Rong]], whose abilities were much praised by historians.
In [[378]], Fu Jiān commissioned Fu Pi to command a large army against the [[Jin Dynasty (265-420)|Jin]] city Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern [[Xiangfan]], [[Hubei]]). At the advice of the general Gou Chang (苟萇), Fu Pi chose to surround the city and cut off its supply route to strangle it into submission, rather than making direct assaults on the city. However, around the new year [[379]], Fu Jiān, anxious to capture the city, sent him a sword, stating that if by the spring he had not captured the city, he should kill himself with the sword. After receiving the sword, Fu Pi, in fear, made a fierce attack on the city and captured it.
== As viceroy over eastern provinces ==
In [[380]], Fu Jiān recalled Fu Rong, who had served as the viceroy over the eastern provinces (the former territory of [[Former Yan]], which Former Qin destroyed in [[370]]), back to the capital [[Chang'an]] to serve as prime minister in place of the capable [[Wang Meng (Former Qin)|Wang Meng]], who died in [[375]]. Fu Pi was made the viceroy of the eastern provinces to replace Fu Rong. As Fu Jiān, that year, also implemented a plan to distribute his Di people to various regions of the empire, a substantial number of Di soldiers and their families accompanied Fu Pi to his command post at [[Ye, China|Yecheng]].
Fu Pi was not involved in the crushing defeat that Former Qin foces suffered at the [[Battle of Fei River]], as he remained at Yecheng. In the aftermaths of the battle, however, the [[Xianbei]] general [[Murong Chui]], a Former Yan prince, plotted a rebellion to reestablish Yan. In late [[383]], after persuading Fu Jiān to allow him to visit the eastern provinces to try to calm the people in light of the defeat at Fei River, Murong Chui arrived at Yecheng, where Murong Chui continued plotting, and where Murong Chui and Fu Pi considered ambushing each other but each decided not to do so. When, subsequently, the [[Dingling]] chieftain Zhai Bin (翟斌) rebelled and attacked [[Luoyang]], defended by Fu Pi's brother Fu Hui (苻暉) the Duke of Pingyuan, Fu Jiān ordered Murong Chui to put down Zhai's rebellion, and Fu Pi sent his assistant Fu Feilong (苻飛龍) to serve as Murong Chui's assistant. On the way to Luoyang, however, Murong Chui killed Fu Feilong and his Di soldiers and prepared to openly rebel. Meanwhile, despite his suspicions of Murong Chui, Fu Pi did not put Murong Chui's son [[Murong Nong]] and nephews Murong Kai (慕容楷) and Murong Shao (慕容紹) under surveillance, and the three fled out of Yecheng and started a rebellion of their own.
In spring [[384]], Murong Chui openly declared the establishment of [[Later Yan]], claiming the title of Prince of Yan. Fu Pi tried to persuade Murong Chui to end his rebellion, but Murong Chui refused and attacked Yecheng but was unable to capture it quickly. However, most cities north of the [[Yellow River]] and east of [[Taihang Mountains]] switched allegiance or were captured by Later Yan forces, leaving Yecheng isolated. (The Former Qin cities south of the Yellow River were largely captured by Jin.) With the heart of the empire itself under attacks by rebel regimes [[Later Qin]] and [[Western Yan]], Fu Pi could have no expectation of receiving aid, and the situation soon grew desperate for him and his troops. In late 384, Murong Chui briefly lifted the siege of Yecheng to try to regroup, but at the same time, Jin forces attacked. Fu Pi sued for peace, but without his knowledge his assistant Yang Ying (楊膺) also promised on his behalf that he would surrender to Jin. With that promise, the Jin general [[Xie Xuan]] aided him with troops and food supplies, but eventually the temporary alliance broke up again. Meanwhile, Murong Chui returned and again put the city under siege after defeating Jin troops under [[Liu Laozhi]] (劉牢之). In [[385]], Fu Pi abandoned Yecheng and headed northwest to Jinyang (晉陽, in modern [[Taiyuan]], [[Shanxi]]), where he received news that his father Fu Jiān had been killed by the Later Qin ruler [[Yao Chang]]. He then declared himself emperor.
== Reign ==
Fu Pi took measures to try to consolidate his current position -- now largely only over modern Shanxi, although there were still many pockets of territory loyal to Former Qin in modern [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]], and there were also still pockets of resistance even in the middle of Later Yan territory. His prime minister Wang Yong (王永) (Wang Meng's son) issued a declaration inviting all those who were still loyal to be prepared to rendezvous at Linjin (臨晉, in modern [[Weinan]], [[Shaanxi]]) in winter [[386]]. Many local generals answered the call, although the rendezvous would never actually happen.
In fall 386, the Western Yan ruler [[Murong Yong]], whose people had abandoned the [[Guanzhong]] region to head east, trying to return to their home land, requested Fu Pi to grant permission to let them through. Fu Pi refused and tried to intercept them, but suffered a major defeat, in which Wang Yong and the major general Juqu Jushizi (沮渠俱石子) were killed, and most of Fu Pi's officials and his wife [[Empress Yang (Aiping)|Empress Yang]] were captured. The only general under Fu Pi who still had a strong army remaining was his cousin Fu Zuan (苻纂) the Prince of Donghai, who remained at Jinyang, but Fu Pi was suspicious of Fu Zuan's intentions and therefore did not dare to return to Jinyang, but instead headed south, wanting to make a surprise attack on Luoyang, then held by Jin. The Jin general Feng Gai (馮該) intercepted him and killed him in battle. His sons Fu Ning (苻寧) the [[crown prince]] and Fu Shou (苻壽) the Prince of Changle were captured by Jin forces but pardoned and given to their uncle Fu Hong (苻宏) -- Fu Jiān's crown prince, who had surrendered to Jin earlier. His sons Fu Yi (苻懿) the Prince of Bohai and Fu Chang (苻昶) the Prince of Jibei were escorted by an official to his distant nephew [[Fu Deng]] the Prince of Nan'an, who initially proposed making Fu Yi the emperor, but after his subordinates recommended that he take the throne himself, did so.
== Era name ==
* ''Tai'an'' (太安 taì ān) [[385]]-[[386]]
== Personal information ==
** [[Fu Jiān]] (Emperor Xuanzhao)
* Wife
** [[Empress Yang (Aiping)|Empress Yang]] (created [[385]], killed by [[Murong Yong]] of [[Western Yan]] [[386]])
* Children
** Fu Ning (苻寧), the Crown Prince (created [[385]])
** Fu Shou (苻壽), the Prince of Changle (created [[385]])
** Fu Qiang (苻鏘), the Prince of Pingyuan (created [[385]])
** Fu Yi (苻懿), initially the Prince of Bohai (created [[385]]), later Crown Prince Xian'ai under [[Fu Deng]] (created [[387]], d. [[388]])
** Fu Chang (苻昶), the Prince of Jibei (created [[385]])
{{start box}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
{{s-bef|rows=6|before=[[Fu Jiān]] (Emperor Xuanzhao)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Former Qin]]|years=[[385]]-[[386]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fu Deng]] (Emperor Gao)|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of China]] (Eastern [[Gansu]])|years=[[385]]-[[386]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of China]] (Central/Southern [[Shanxi]])|years=[[385]]-[[386]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Murong Yong]] of [[Western Yan]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of China]] (Northern [[Shanxi]]/[[Inner Mongolia]])|years=[[385]]-[[386]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of China]] (Central/Western [[Gansu]])|years=[[385]]-[[386]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lü Guang]] of [[Later Liang]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Emperor of China]] (Southwestern [[Gansu]]/Southeastern [[Qinghai]])|years=[[385]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Qifu Guoren]] of [[Western Qin]]}}
{{end box}}
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