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Where the Scum of the Earth breed and wallow.
{{portal}}
Also See Niggerland
{{dablink|This article is about the continent; for other things named Africa, see [[Africa (disambiguation)]]}}
[[Image:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|280px|A satellite composite image of Africa]]
'''Africa''' is [[Earth|the world]]'s second-largest [[continent]] and second most populous after [[Asia]]. At about 30,244,050 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,677,240 [[square mile|mi²]]) including its adjacent islands, it covers 20.3 percent of the total land area on [[Earth]]. With over 800 million human inhabitants in 54 countries, it accounts for about one seventh of the [[world human population]].
==Etymology==
[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|thumb|World map showing ___location of Africa]]
The name '''Africa''' came into Western use through the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], who used the name ''Africa terra'' — "land of the Afri" (plural, or "Afer" singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the [[Africa (province)|province of Africa]] with its capital [[Carthage]], corresponding to modern-day [[Tunisia]].
The origin of ''Afer'' may either come from:
*the [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]] ''`afar'', dust;
*the Afri, a tribe—possibly [[Berber]]—who dwelt in [[North Africa]] in the Carthage area;
*the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''aphrike'', meaning without cold (see also [[List of traditional Greek place names]]);
*or the [[Latin]] word ''aprica'', meaning sunny.
The historian [[Leo Africanus]] ([[1495]]-[[1554]]) attributed the origin to the Greek word ''phrike'' (φρικε, meaning "cold and horror"), combined with the negating prefix a-, so meaning a land free of cold and horror. But the change of sound from ''ph'' to ''f'' in Greek is datable to about the [[first century]], so this cannot really be the origin of the name.
[[Egypt]] was considered part of Asia by the ancients, and first assigned to Africa by the geographer [[Ptolemy]] ([[85]] - [[165]] AD), who accepted [[Alexandria]] as [[Prime Meridian]] and made the [[Suez Canal|isthmus of Suez]] and the [[Red Sea]] the boundary between [[Asia]] and Africa. As [[Europe]]ans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of ''Africa'' expanded with their knowledge.
==Geography==
''Main article: [[Geography of Africa]]''
[[Image:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|250px|Africa in the [[Blue marble]] picture, with [[Antarctica]] to the south, and the [[Sahara]] and [[Arabian peninsula]] at the top of the globe]]
Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of the Earth's surface. It includes within its remarkably regular outline an area, of c. 30,244,050 [[square kilometre|km<sup>2</sup>]] (11,677,240 [[square mile|mi<sup>2</sup>]]), including the islands.
Separated from [[Europe]] by the [[Mediterranean Sea]], it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the [[Isthmus of Suez]], 130 km (80 miles) wide. From the most northerly point, [[Ras ben Sakka]] in [[Morocco]], a little west of [[Cape Blanc]], in 37°21′ N, to the most southerly point, [[Cape Agulhas]] in [[South Africa]], 34°51′15″ S, is a distance approximately of 8,000 km (5,000 miles); from [[Cape Verde]], 17°33′22″ W, the westernmost point, to [[Ras Hafun]] in [[Somalia]], 51°27′52″ E, the most easterly projection, is a distance (also approximately) of 7,400 km (4,600 miles). The length of coast-line is 26,000 km (16,100 miles) and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that Europe, which covers only [[1 E12 m²|9,700,000 km<sup>2</sup>]] (3,760,000 square miles), has a coast-line of 32,000 km (19,800 miles).
The main structural lines of the continent show both the east-to-west direction characteristic, at least in the eastern hemisphere, of the more northern parts of the world, and the north-to-south direction seen in the southern peninsulas. Africa is thus composed of two segments at right angles, the northern running from east to west, the southern from north to south, the subordinate lines corresponding in the main to these two directions.
==History==
''Main article: [[History of Africa]]''
[[Image:Afryka 1890.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of Africa 1890]]
Africa is home to the [[cradle of Humankind|oldest inhabited territory]] on earth, with the [[human]] race [[mitochondrial Eve|originating]] from this continent. The [[Ishango Bone]], carbon-dated to c. 25,000 years ago, shows [[tally stick|tallies]] in [[mathematical notation]].
Throughout humanity's [[prehistory]], Africa (like all other continents) had no [[nation state]]s, and was instead inhabited by groups of [[hunter-gatherers]].
Around 3300 B.C. the nation state of [[Egypt]] developed, which existed with various levels of influence until 343 B.C. Other [[civilization]]s include [[Ethiopia]], the [[Nubia]]n kingdom, the kingdoms of the [[Sahel]] ([[Ghana]], [[Mali]], and [[Songhai]]) and [[Great Zimbabwe]].
In 1482 the [[Portuguese]] established the first of many trading stations along the Guinea coast at [[Elmina]]. The chief commodities dealt in were slaves, gold, ivory and spices. The discovery of America in [[1492]] was followed by a great development of the [[slave trade]], which, before the Portuguese era, had been an overland trade almost exclusively.
But at the same time that serfdom was ending in Europe, in the early 19th century the European [[Imperialism|imperial]] powers staged a massive "[[scramble for Africa]]" and occupied most of the continent, creating many [[colony|colonial]] nation states, and leaving only two independent nations: [[Liberia]], the Black American colony, and [[Ethiopia]]. This occupation continued until after the conclusion of the [[Second World War]], when all colonial nation states gradually obtained formal independence.
Today, Africa is home to over 50 independent countries, all but 2 of which still have the [[border]]s drawn up during the era of European [[colonialism]].
==Politics==
[[Image:ColonialAfrica.png|frame|''Map showing European claimants to the African continent at the beginning of [[World War I]]'']]
===Colonial Africa===
Colonialism had a destabilizing effect on what had been a number of ethnic groups that is still being felt in African politics. Prior to European influence, national borders were not much of a concern, with Africans generally following the practice of other areas of the world, such as the Arabian peninsula, where a group's territory was congruent with its military or trade influence. The European insistence of drawing borders around territories to isolate them from those of other colonial powers often had the effect of separating otherwise contiguous political groups, or forcing traditional enemies to live side by side with no buffer between them. For example, the [[Congo River]], although it appears to be a natural geographic boundary, had groups that otherwise shared a [[language]], [[culture]] or other similarity who resided on both sides. The division of the land between [[Belgium]] and [[France]] along the river isolated these groups from each other. Those who lived in Saharan or [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] who had traded across the continent for centuries, often found themselves crossing "borders" that often existed only on European maps.
In nations that had substantial European populations, for example [[Rhodesia]] and [[South Africa]], systems of second-class citizenship were often set up in order to give Europeans [[political power]] far in excess of their numbers. However, the lines were not often drawn strictly across racial lines. In [[Liberia]], the citizens who were descendants of American slaves managed to have a political system for over 100 years that gave ex-slaves and natives to the area roughly equal [[legislative power]] despite the fact the ex-slaves were outnumbered ten to one in the general population. The inspiration for this system was the [[United States Senate]], which ironically balanced the power of free and slave states despite the much larger population of the former.
Europeans often changed the balance of power, created ethnic divides where they did not previously exist, and introduced a cultural dichotomy detrimental to the native inhabitants in the areas they controlled. For example, in what is now [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]], two tribes [[Hutus]] and [[Tutsis]] had merged into one culture by the time Belgian colonists had taken control of the region in the 19th century. No longer divided by ethnicity as intermingling, inter-marriage, and merging of cultural practises over the centuries had long since erased visible signs of a culture divide, the Belgians instituted a policy of racial categorization, upon taking control of the region, as racial based categorization and philosophies was a fixture of the European culture of that time. The term [[Hutu]] originally refered to the agricultural-based Bantu speaking tribes that moved into present day Rwandan and Burundi from the West, and the term [[Tutsi]] refered to North Eastern cattle-based tribes that migrated into the region later. The terms to the indigenous peoples eventually came to describe a person's economic class. Those individuals who owned roughly 10 or more cattle were considered Tutsi, and those with fewer were considered Hutu, regardless of ancestral history. This was not a strict line but a general rule of thumb, and one could move from Hutu to Tutsi and vice versa.
The Belgians introduced a racialised system. Those individuals who had characteristics the Europeans admired — fairer skin, ample height, narrow noses, etc. — were given power amongst the colonized peoples. The Belgians determined these features were more ideally [[Hamitic]], Hamitic in turn being more ideally European and belonged to those people closest to Tutsi in ancestory. They instituted a policy of issuing identity cards based on this philosophy. Those closest to this ideal were proclaimed Tutsi and those not were proclaimed Hutu.
===Post-colonial Africa===
Since independence, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and [[authoritarianism]]. The vast majority of African nations are [[republic]]s that operate under some form of the [[presidential system]] of rule. Few nations in Africa have been able to sustain [[democratic]] governments, instead cycling through a series of brutal [[Coup d'état|coup]]s and [[military dictatorship]]s.
A number of Africa's post-colonial political leaders were poorly educated and ignorant on matters of governance; great instability, however, was mainly the result of marginalization of other ethnic groups and graft under these leaders.
As well, many used the positions of power to ignite ethnic conflicts which had been exacerbated, or even created, under colonial rule. In many countries, the [[Armed force|military]] was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order and ruled most nations in Africa during the [[1970s|70s]] and early [[1980s|80s]].
During the period from the early [[1960s]] to the late 1980s Africa had over 70 coups and 13 presidential [[assassination]]s.
[[Cold War]] conflicts between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] also played a role in the instability. When a country became independent for the first time, it was often expected to align with one of the two [[superpower]]s. Many countries in [[Northern Africa]] received Soviet military aid, while many in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the [[United States]] and/or [[France]]. The 1970s saw an escalation as newly independent [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] aligned themselves with the [[Soviet Union]] and the West and [[South Africa]] sought to contain Soviet influence.
Border and territorial disputes have also been common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.
Failed government policies and political corruption have also resulted in many widespread [[famine]]s, and significant portions of Africa remain with distribution systems unable to disseminate enough food or water for the population to survive. The spread of [[disease]] is also rampant, especially the spread of the [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]] (HIV) and the associated [[Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]] (AIDS), which has become a deadly [[epidemic]] on the continent.
Despite numerous hardships, there have been some signs the continent has hope for the future. [[Democracy|Democratic government]]s seem to be spreading, though are not yet the majority (National Geographic claims 13 African nations can be considered truly democratic). As well, many nations have at least nominally recognized basic [[human right]]s for all [[citizen]]s, and have created reasonably independent [[judiciary|judiciaries]].
There are clear signs of increased networking among African organisations and states. In the civil war in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (former [[Zaire]]), rather than rich, non-African countries intervening, about half-a-dozen neighbouring African countries got involved (see also [[Second Congo War]]). The death toll has been estimated by some to be 3.5 million since the conflict began in [[1998]]. This might play a role similar to that of [[World War II]] for Europe, after which the people in the neighbouring countries decide to integrate their societies in such a way that war between them becomes as unthinkable as a war between, say, [[France]] and [[Germany]] would be today.
Political associations such as the [[African Union]] are also offering hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent's many countries.
Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa, often under the oversight of the state. Most of such violations occur for political reasons, often times as a 'side-effect' of civil war. Notable countries with reported major violations include, but are not limited to, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Sudan]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]]. Reported violations include [[cannibalism]], [[mutilation]], and [[rape]].
===Modern Africa===
Most western countries place limitations on aid to African nations. These limitations are often used to control the governments of these African nations; as a result, these nations are turning to non-traditional sources of financial aid. China has increasingly provided financial aid to Africa in order to secure contracts on [[Natural resource|natural resources]]. There usually is no political prescription.
==Economy==
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''Main article: [[Economy of Africa]]''
Africa is by far the world's poorest inhabited continent, and more saliently it is on average poorer than it was 25 years ago.
The [[United Nation]]s' [http://hdr.undp.org/ Human Development Report] [[2003]] (of 175 countries) found that positions 151 ([[Gambia]]) to 175 ([[Sierra Leone]]) were taken up entirely by African nations.
It has had (and in some ways is still having) a shaky and uncertain transition from [[colonialism]], with the ensuing [[Cold War]] and increases in [[corruption]] and [[despotism]] being major contributing factors to its poor economic situation. While rapid growth in [[China]] and now [[India]], and moderate growth in [[South America]], has lifted millions beyond subsistence living, Africa has stagnated, even going backwards in terms of foreign [[trade]], [[investment]], and [[per capita]] [[income]]. This [[poverty]] has widespread effects, including low [[life expectancy]], [[violence]], and [[instability]] - factors intertwined with the continent's poverty. Over the [[decade]]s a number of solutions have been proposed and many attempted, but no improvement scheme has shown much success.
Part of the problem is that [[foreign aid]] has generally been used to encourage the cultivation of [[cash crops]] such as [[cotton]], [[cocoa]] and [[coffee]] in place of [[subsistence farming]]. However, at the same time, [[developed country|industrialized nations]] have pursued policies that drive down the prices of those commodities. For example, the real cost of producing cotton in West Africa is far less than half of that of producing it in the [[United States]], thanks to lower labor costs. However, American cotton sells for less than African cotton as the cultivation of cotton is heavily [[subsidy|subsidized]] in the United States. As a result, the prices of these commodities is about the same now as they were in the [[1960s]].
Africa also suffers from sustained [[capital flight]]. Generally, any income coming into African nations goes right out again, either because the assets sold were foreign owned ([[petroleum|oil]] being a good example) and the money coming in is sent to the foreign owners, or the money is used to repay loans to industrial nations or the [[World Bank]]. It has been estimated that Africa could cease its dependence on foreign aid merely by insisting that all profits earned in an African country be invested in the region for at least twelve months.
[[Botswana]], which is the one poor nation in Africa that has not submitted to controls suggested by the World Bank or the [[IMF]], has been one of the exceptions to the general rule of African economic stagnation, and has sustained healthy growth over recent years despite the lack of [[foreign investment]], free flow of [[capital]] or [[trade liberalization]].
The major economic success is [[South Africa]], which is as industrially and economically developed as any industrialized European or American nation, to the extent that it has its own mature [[stock exchange]]. This is partly due to its amazing wealth of [[natural resource]]s, being the world's leading producer of both [[gold]] and [[diamond]]s. It is also due to its relatively large settler European population, giving South Africa access to capital, markets and know how and relatively little capital flight.
Although [[Nigeria]] sits on one of the largest proven oil reserves in the world, it also has the highest population of any nation in Africa, and one of the fastest growing. Moreover, most of the oil industry is foreign owned, and the industry is rife with corruption at the national level so that very little oil money stays in the country, and what does goes to a very small percentage of the population.
==Demographics==
Africans may be conveniently grouped according to whether they live north or south of the [[Sahara Desert]]; these groups are called [[North African]]s and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ns, respectively. Black Africans are predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Arabic speaking Arab-Berber peoples predominate in North Africa. There is a great diversity of physical types among Sub-Saharan African peoples -- ranging from the [[Masai]] and [[Tutsi]], known for their tall stature, to [[Pygmies]] who are among the world's shortest adults.
Aside from the Nilotic groups of southern Sudan, some Nilotic groups in Ethiopia, and a Bantu African minority in Somalia, Africans from the Northeast parts of the continent typically have a different appearance from those in other regions. Speakers of [[Bantu languages]] are the majority in southern, central and east Africa proper; but there are also several Nilotic groups in East Africa, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ('San' or 'Busmmen') and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon and southern Somalia. In the [[Kalahari Desert]] of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the [[Bushmen]] (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "[[Khoikhoi|Hottentots]]") have long been present. The [[San]] are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. "Pygmies" are the indigenous people of central Africa.
The peoples of [[North Africa]] are primarily Arab-Berber; the Arabs who arrived in the 7th century have basically assimilated the indigenous Berber people. The Semitic [[Phoenicia]]ns, and the European [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] settled in North Africa as well. Berber peoples remain a significant minority within [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]], and are also present in [[Tunisia]] and [[Libya]]. The [[Tuareg]] and other often nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. Black [[Nubians]] also developed civilizations in North Africa during ancient times.
Some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups (like the Amhara and Tigray, collectively known as "Habesha") have Semitic (Sabaean) ancestry. Ethnic Somalis as a people originated in the Ethiopian highlands, but most Somali clans can trace Arab ancestry as well. [[Sudan]] and [[Mauritania]] are divided between a mostly Arab north and a black African south (although many of the "Arabs" of Sudan clearly have African ancestry, and are far off in appearance from Arabs in Iraq or Algeria). Some areas of East Africa, particularly the island of [[Zanzibar]] and the Kenyan island of Lamu, received Arab and Asian Muslim settlers and merchants throughout the [[Middle Ages]].
Beginning in the [[16th century]], Europeans such as the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] began to establish [[trading post]]s and [[Fortification|forts]] along the coasts of western and southern Africa. Eventually, a large number of Dutch, augmented by French [[Huguenots]] and [[German people|Germans]] settled in what is today [[South Africa]]. Their descendants, the [[Afrikaners]], are the largest white group in South Africa today. In the [[19th century]], a second phase of colonization brought a large number of French and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] settlers to Africa. The French settled in large numbers in [[Algeria]], and on a smaller scale in other areas of North and West Africa. The British settled in South Africa as well as the colony of [[Rhodesia]], and in the highlands of what is now [[Kenya]]. Smaller numbers of European soldiers, businessmen, and officials also established themselves in administrative centers such as [[Nairobi]] and [[Dakar]]. Decolonization during the [[1960s]] often resulted in the mass exodus of European-descended settlers out of Africa -- especially in Algeria, Kenya, and Rhodesia (now [[Zimbabwe]]). However in South Africa, the white minority (10% of the population) has largely remained in the country after the end of white rule in [[1994]]. South Africa also has a community of mixed-race people ([[Coloured]] people).
European colonization also brought sizeable groups of [[Asians]], particularly people from the [[Indian subcontinent]], to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya and Tanzania and some other southern and east African countries. A fairly large Indian community in [[Uganda]] was expelled by the dictator [[Idi Amin]] in [[1972]], though many have since returned.
==Languages==
[[Image:African language families.png|right|300px|thumb|Map showing the distribution of African language families and some major African languages. [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] extends into the [[Sahel]] and [[Southwest Asia]]. [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] is divided to show the size of the [[Bantu languages|Bantu sub-family]].]]
''Main article: [[African languages]]''
By most estimates Africa contains well over a thousand [[language]]s. There are four major [[language family|language families]] native to Africa.
* The [[Afro-Asiatic languages|''Afro-Asiatic'']] languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, [[East Africa]], the Sahel, and [[Southwest Asia]].
* The [[Nilo-Saharan languages|''Nilo-Saharan'']] language family consists of more than a hundred languages spoken by 30 million people. Nilo-Saharan languages are mainly spoken in [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], and northern [[Tanzania]].
* The [[Niger-Congo languages|''Niger-Congo'']] language family covers much of Sub-Saharan Africa and is probably the largest language family in the world in terms of different languages. A substantial number of them are the [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] languages spoken in much of sub-Saharan Africa.<!--such as [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and other [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] languages-->
* The [[Khoisan languages|''Khoisan'']] languages number about 50 and are spoken in Southern Africa by approximately 120 000 people. Many of the Khoisan languages are [[endangered language|endangered]]. The [[Khoi]] and [[San]] peoples are considered the original inhabitants of this part of Africa. <!--[[!Xóõ language|!Xóõ]]-->
Languages of Europe have also acquired prominence; [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]],[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], are [[official language]]s in several countries as a result of colonization. In [[South Africa]], which was unique in having a significant number of European settlers, English and [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] are the native languages of a significant portion of the population.
<!-- examples/well know languages per family; various estimates of total number of languages in Africa; endangered languages; language politics; Afrikaans; Malagasy -->
==Culture==
Rather than one culture, Africa has a number of cultures that overlap. The most conventional distinction is that between sub-Saharan Africa and the northern countries from [[Egypt]] to [[Morocco]], who largely associate themselves with [[Arab]]ic culture. In this comparison, the nations to the south of the [[Sahara]] are considered to consist of many cultural areas, in particular that of the [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] linguistic group.
Divisions may also be made between [[Francophone Africa]] and the rest of Africa, in particular the former British colonies of [[southern Africa|southern]] and [[East Africa]]. Another cultural fault-line is that between those Africans living traditional lifestyles and those who are essentially modern. The traditionalists are sometimes subdivided into [[pastoralism|pastoralists]] and [[agriculture|agriculturalists]].
[[African art]] reflects the diversity of African cultures. The oldest existing art from Africa are 6000-year old carvings found in [[Niger]], while the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] in [[Egypt]] was the world's tallest architectural accomplishment for four thousand years until the creation of the [[Eiffel Tower]]. The Ethiopian complex of [[monolithic church]]es at [[Lalibela]], of which the [[Church of St. George]] is representative, is regarded as another marvel of engineering.
The [[music of Africa]] is one of its most dynamic art forms. Egypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world, while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa, in particular west Africa, was transmitted through the [[Atlantic slave trade]] to modern [[blues]], [[jazz]], [[reggae]], [[rap]], and [[rock and roll]]. Modern music of the continent includes the highly complex choral singing of southern Africa and the dance rhythms of [[soukous]], dominated by the [[music of the Democratic Republic of Congo]]. A recent development of the 21st century is the emergence of [[African hip hop]], in particular a form from [[Senegal]] is blended with traditional [[mbalax]]. Recently in South Africa, a form of music related to [[house music]] known under the name [[Kwaito]] has developed, although the country has been home to its own form of [[South African jazz]] for some time, while [[Afrikaans]] music is completely distinct and comprised mostly of traditional [[Boere musiek]], and forms of [[Folk]] and [[Rock and roll|Rock]].
* [[List of African musicians]]
* [[List of African writers]]
* [[African Cinema]]
==Religion==
Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs, with [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] being the most widespread. Approximately 40% of all Africans are Christians and another 40% Muslims. Roughly 20% of Africans primarily follow indigenous [[African religions]]. A small number of Africans also have beliefs [[African Jew|from the Judaic tradition]], such as the [[Beta Israel]] and [[Lemba]] tribes.
The indigenous African religions tend to revolve around [[animism]] and [[ancestor worship]]. A common thread in traditional belief systems was the division of the [[spiritual world]] into "helpful" and "harmful". Helpful [[Spiritual being|spirits]] are usually deemed to include ancestor spirits that help their descendants, and powerful spirits that protected entire communities from natural disaster or attacks from enemies; whereas harmful spirits include the [[soul]]s of murdered victims who were buried without the proper [[Funeral|funeral rites]], and spirits used by hostile spirit [[Medium (spirituality)|mediums]] to cause illness among their enemies. While the effect of these early forms of worship continues to have a profound influence, belief systems have evolved as they interact with other religions.
The formation of the [[Old Kingdom]] of [[Egypt]] in the [[third millennium BCE]] marked the first known complex religious system on the continent. Around the [[ninth century BCE]], [[Carthage]] (in present-day [[Tunisia]]) was founded by the Phoenicians, and went on to become a major cosmopolitan center of the ancient world in which [[deity|deities]] from neighboring Egypt, [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan city-states]] were worshipped.
The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] officially dates from the [[fourth century]], and is thus one of the first established [[Christianity|Christian]] churches anywhere. At first Christian Orthodoxy made gains in modern-day Sudan and other neighbouring regions; however following the spread of Islam, growth was slow and restricted to the highlands.
Islam entered Africa as Muslims conquered North Africa between 640 and 710, beginning with Egypt. They established Mogadishu, Melinde, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Sofala, following the sea trade down the coast of [[East Africa]], and diffusing through the Sahara desert into the interior of Africa -- following in particular the paths of Muslim traders. Muslims were also among the Asian peoples who later settled in British-ruled Africa.
Many Africans were converted to [[Western Christianity|West European forms of Christianity]] during the colonial period. In the last decades of the twentieth century, various sects of [[Charismatic Christianity]] rapidly grew. A number of Roman Catholic African bishops have even been mentioned as possible [[Pope|papal]] candidates. African Christians appear to be more socially conservative than their co-religionists in much of the industrialized world, which has quite recently led to tensions within [[Religious denomination|denominations]] such as the [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] and [[Methodism|Methodist Churches]].
==Territories==
[[Image:africa_map_cia.png|thumb|300px|Political Map of Africa]]
===Independent states===
'''[[East Africa]]'''
East Africa proper
* [[Burundi]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Kenya]]
* [[Mozambique]] (also sometimes considered part of Southern Africa)
* [[Rwanda]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Tanzania]]
* [[Uganda]]
[[North East Africa]]
* [[Djibouti]]
* [[Eritrea]]
* [[Ethiopia]]
* [[Somalia]] (including Somaliland)
* [[Sudan]]
'''[[Central Africa]]'''
* [[Angola]] (also sometimes considered part of Southern Africa)
* [[Burundi]] (also sometimes considered part of East Africa)
* [[Cameroon]] (also sometimes considered part of West Africa)
* [[Central African Republic]]
* [[Chad]] (also sometimes considered part of West Africa)
* [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Equatorial Guinea]] (also sometimes considered part of West Africa)
* [[Gabon]] (also sometimes considered part of West Africa)
* [[Rwanda]] (also sometimes considered part of East Africa)
* [[Republic of Congo]]
* [[Zambia]] (also sometimes considered part of Southern Africa)
'''[[North Africa]]'''
[[Image:topography_of_africa.jpg|thumb|310px|Physical map of Africa]]
* [[Algeria]]
* [[Egypt]] (includes small [[Bicontinental country|portion]] of territory in [[Asia]])
* [[Libya]]
* [[Mauritania]] (also sometimes considered part of West Africa)
* [[Morocco]]
* [[Tunisia]]
'''[[Southern Africa]]'''
* [[Angola]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Botswana]]
* [[Lesotho]]
* [[Malawi]]
* [[Mozambique]] (also sometimes considered part of East Africa)
* [[Namibia]]
* [[South Africa]]
* [[Swaziland]]
* [[Zambia]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Zimbabwe]]
'''[[West Africa]]'''
* [[Benin]]
* [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[Cameroon]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Chad]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
* [[Equatorial Guinea]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[Gabon]] (also sometimes considered part of Central Africa)
* [[The Gambia]]
* [[Ghana]]
* [[Guinea]]
* [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Liberia]]
* [[Mali]]
* [[Mauritania]] (also sometimes considered part of North Africa)
* [[Niger]]
* [[Nigeria]]
* [[Senegal]]
* [[Sierra Leone]]
* [[Togo]]
'''African Island Nations'''
* [[Cape Verde]] (West Africa)
* [[Comoros]] (Southern Africa)
* [[Madagascar]] (Southern Africa)
* [[Mauritius]] (Southern Africa)
* [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] (Central Africa or West Africa)
* [[Seychelles]] (East Africa)
===Territories, possessions, départements===
* [[Azores]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]]/[[Morocco]])
* [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]]/[[Morocco]])
* [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Mayotte]] ([[France]])
* [[Réunion]] ([[France]])
* [[Saint Helena]] (including dependencies [[Ascension Island]] and [[Tristan da Cunha]]) ([[United Kingdom]])
===Disputed territories===
*[[Western Sahara]] (claimed by [[Morocco]])
==See also==
{{sisterlinks|Africa}}
*{{wikitravel}}
*[[31st G8 summit]]
*[[AIDS in Africa]]
*[[African Anarchism]]
*[[African philosophy]]
*[[African Union]]
*[[Cuisine of Africa|African cuisine]]
*[[Congo craton]]
*[[Ecology of Africa]]
*[[Education in Africa]]
*[[Regions of Africa]]
*[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
*[[Universities in Africa]]
*[[List of African countries by population density]]
*[[List of African countries by population]]
*[[List of African countries by GDP]]
*[[List of African stock exchanges]]
==External links==
'''News'''
* [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news/events, information, economy stats, etc.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2005/africa/default.stm BBC News In Depth - Africa 2005: Time for Change?]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/hearafrica05/0,15756,1399090,00.html Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Hear Africa 05]
'''Directories'''
* [http://africadatabase.org/ Contemporary Africa Database]
* [http://www.afrika.no/index/ The Index on Africa] directory from The Norwegian Council for Africa
* [http://www.looksmart.com/eus317836/eus317916/eus559898/eus559899/ LookSmart - Africa] directory category
*[http://www.mbendi.co.za/ MBendi] extensive business information, based in South Africa
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/ Open Directory Project - Africa] directory category
* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Regions/Africa/ Yahoo! - Africa] directory category
'''African studies resources'''
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/ Columbia University - African Studies]
*[http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ Library of Congress - African & Middle Eastern Reading Room]
*[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara]
*[http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/afr/ University of Chicago - Joseph Regenstein Library: African Studies]
*[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/ University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center]
'''Politics'''
*[http://www.africaaction.org/index.php ''Africa Action''] Africa Action is the oldest organization in the US working on Africa affairs. It is a national organization that works for political, economic and social justice in Africa.
*[http://www.zabalaza.net/texts/african_anarchism/contents.htm African Anarchism: The History of a Movement]
* [http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/africa/accounts/chekov.html An Irish anarchist in Africa], western Africa from anarchist perspective.
* [http://www.commissionforafrica.org/english.htm Commission for Africa]
'''Photos and Information'''
*[http://www.junglephotos.com/africa/index.shtml ''Jungle Photos''] Jungle Photos Africa provides images and information on various countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
'''Tourism'''
*{{wikitravel}}
{{Africa}}
{{Continent}}
{{Region}}
[[Category:Continents]]
[[Category:Africa|*]]
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