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Il'''toxafene''' è una miscela di reazione di circa 200 [[composti organici]] formata per clorurazione del [[canfene]] (2,2-dimetil-3-metilenebiciclo[2,2,1]eptano, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>) fino a un contenuto di cloro del 67-69% in peso.<ref>Saleh, Mahmoud Abbas; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1983, vol. 31, pp 748-751.</ref><ref>Buntin, G.A. U.S. Patent 2,565,471, 1951.</ref>
La maggior parte dei composti facenti parte del toxafene (principalmente clorobornani, clorocanfeni e altri composti clororganici biciclici) hanno una formula chimica che varia dal C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>11</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub> al C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>, con una formula media C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>.<ref>Buser, Hans-Rudolf; et al., Chemosphere, 2000, vol. 40, pp 1213-1220.</ref> Il peso formula di questi composti
==EN==
The formula weights of these compounds range from 308 to 551 grams/mole; the theoretical mean formula has a value of 414 grams/mole. Toxaphene is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy [[solid]]. It is volatile enough to be transported for long distances through the atmosphere.<ref>Shoeib, Mahiba; et al., Chemosphere, 1999, vol. 39, pp 849-871.</ref><ref>Rice, Clifford P.; et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 1986, vol. 20, pp 1109-1116.</ref>
==Health effects==
When inhaled or ingested, sufficient quantities of toxaphene can damage the [[lungs]], [[nervous system]], and [[kidneys]], and may cause [[death]]. It is classified as an [[List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens|IARC Group 2B carcinogen]].
==Applications==
Toxaphene was used as an [[insecticide]]. In the U.S., it was chiefly used in the cotton and soybean growing areas in the southeastern region. It was used to treat [[mange]] in cattle in [[California]] in the 1970s, although there were reports of cattle deaths following spraying with toxaphene.<ref>Chancellor, John; Oliver, Don (1979-02-22). "Possible Toxaphene Cattle Poisoning". NBC News. Vanderbilt Television News Archive. http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=502980. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.</ref>
In 1986, it was banned for all uses in the [[United States]].<ref>Burniston, Deborah A.; et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, vol. 39, pp 7005-7011.</ref> It belongs to the so-called "[[dirty dozen (Stockholm Convention)|dirty dozen]]", a list of very [[toxic substance]]s, eleven of which were outlawed in May 2004 when the [[Stockholm Convention]] went into effect.<ref>http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/publications/sc_factsheet_004.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-03-05.</ref>
Trade Names and Synonyms: Chlorinated camphene, Octachlorocamphene, Camphochlor, Agricide Maggot Killer, Alltex, Crestoxo, Compound 3956, Estonox, Fasco-Terpene, Geniphene, Hercules 3956, M5055, Melipax, Motox, Penphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Strobane-T, Toxadust, Toxakil, Vertac 90%, Toxon 63, Attac, Anatox, Royal Brand Bean Tox 82, Cotton Tox MP82, Security Tox-Sol-6, Security Tox-MP cotton spray, Security Motox 63 cotton spray, Agro-Chem Brand Torbidan 28, Dr Roger's TOXENE <ref>http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/toxaphen.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-05.</ref>
{{Portale|chimica}}
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