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As mentioned, the calculation of net output requires a [[value theory]], a way of grossing and netting, and techniques for aggregating the prices of transaction volumes in a consistent way. Obviously, there are many different ways of going about this, but normally a legal framework limits the number of variations possible or permitted (business accounts have to be audited and so on, to guarantee a fair statement of business operations within the law of the land). Nevertheless, the procedure for establishing net output can be contested.
In [[Marxian economics]], the [[value product]] is offered as an alternative output measure, reflecting the new value produced by living labor. But there is also an [[ecology|ecological]] criticism that is sometimes made.
The argument here is that, in calculating net output, costs and results are only assessed in ''price'' terms. Therefore, inputs to production and outputs which are not priced, are excluded in the valuation. Yet those inputs and outputs may nevertheless have an economic or human value, regardless of whether a price could be imputed to them or regardless of whether they can be made an object of trade. If the air is polluted, or depletion of fish stocks in the open seas occurs, the cost of repairing that is not accounted for in the net output of polluters | |||