Javanese script: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:13, 21 November 2008

Revision as of 02:26, 4 December 2008

Line 20:

Currently it is difficult to encode or render on computer system, but [[Unicode]] support is currently underway<ref>[http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html Unicode pending]</ref>.

==Type of Writing System==

==Javanese==

The Javanese isScript, the ''carakan'' can be classified as an [[abugida]]. scriptEach consistingsymbol ofessentially 20represents maina consonantssyllable with ana consonant and the inherent vowel "a" /ɔ/(normally pronounced as [[open back rounded vowel]] when reciting the consonants). In[[Diacritics]], addition therewhich are special marks put around the character may indicate a different vowel markings,than contraction‘a’. ofDiacritics are also used for indicating consonant clusters and final consonants. <ref name=jour/><ref name=ws>Daniels, Peter T and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. Ed. Peter T Daniels and William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> In addition there are variant great letters used for ceremony, and marks to indicate poetic structure.

The twenty consonants are:

'''ha, na, ca, ra, ka'''<br>

'''da, ta, sa, wa, la'''<br>

'''pa, dha, ja, ya, nya'''<br>

'''ma, ga, ba, tha, nga'''

==History==

Originally, the [[Old Javanese|Old Javanese script]] was based off the [[Devanagari script]].<ref name=jour>Soemarmo, Marmo. "Javanese Script." Ohio Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching 14.Winter (1995): 69-103.</ref><ref name=lang>Campbell, George L. Compendium of the World's Languages. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2000.</ref> The [[Kawi script]] was developed to write Old Javanese and eventually this gave away to the modernized Javanese script ''carakan'' and finally the [[Latin Alphabet]] in 1926. Old Javanese first appeared in a legal document that dates back to 804[[Common Era|CE]]. The writing system was then widely used in literature and translations from Sanskrit from about the tenth century and gradually died away after the thirteenth/fourteenth century when Old Javanese was no longer the spoken language of Java. By the seventeenth century, the ''carakan'' script was used exclusively to write Javanese until the creation of the standard Orthography in 1926.<ref name=lang/> A standard orthography with the Latin Alphabet was created in 1926, and later revised in 1972-1973.<ref name=lang/><ref name=jour/> This replaced the Javanese script and as a result, there are currently no newspapers or magazines being printed in the Javanese script even with over 8 million Javanese speakers.<ref name=jour/>{{Request quotation|date=November 2008}}

==Script==

Line 39 ⟶ 33:

<!--TODO: Make a diagram of the Javanese script with pronunciation guide -->

Each symbol consists of ‘n’ shapes and ‘u’ shapes. ‘n’ shapes come in two sizes: small and large (twice the size of a small). ‘u’ shapes come in three sizes: small, medium (1.5x) and large (2.5x). ThisFor formatexample, isthe nocharacter longer'h' consists of a small n-shape, followed inby printeda characters.large Theu-shape charactersand aretwo writtenlarge slantedn-shapes. toThis theformat sideis andclosely belowfollowed thein line,hand-writing and there areis no wordlonger boundariesfollowed in printed characters.<ref name=jour/>

Javanese characters are written ''slanted to the side'' and below the line, and there are no word boundaries.<ref name=jour/>

The Javanese Script, the ''carakan'' can be classified as an abugida. Each symbol essentially represents a syllable with a consonant and the inherent vowel ‘a’. Diacritics, which are marks to the sides of the character may indicate a different vowel than ‘a’.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws>Daniels, Peter T and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. Ed. Peter T Daniels and William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> In Javanese, there are a total of nine vowels: /a/, /i/, /I/, /e/, /ε/, /ə/, /o/, /ɔ/, /u/. However, only five vowel diacritics, known as ‘’sandhangan swara’’ are used because the same diacritic can be used for two different sounds. Rules regarding the pronunciation and the context eliminate the need for a new symbol for every vowel by making the vowel predictable.<ref name=jour/>

===Vowels===

Four syllable-final consonants are also denoted by diacritics. The four consonants are ''-ng'', ''-r'', ''-h'', and ''-l''; they are indicated by the ''cecak'', ''layar'', ''wignyan'', and ''pengkal'', respectively. Other consonants that appear in the word-final position require the use of the basic consonant symbols and the ''paten (or pangku)'' to indicate the absence of a vowel.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws/>

The Javanese Script, the ''carakan'' can be classified as an abugida. Each symbol essentially represents a syllable with a consonant and the inherent vowel ‘a’. Diacritics, which are marks to the sides of the character may indicate a different vowel than ‘a’.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws>Daniels, Peter T and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. Ed. Peter T Daniels and William Bright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> In Javanese, there are a total of nine [[vowels]]: /a/, /i/, /I/, /e/, /ε/, /ə/, /o/, /ɔ/, /u/. However, only five vowel [[diacritics]], known as ‘’sandhangan'''sandhangan swara’’swara''', are used because thesome same diacriticdiacritics can be used for two different soundsvowels. Rules regarding the pronunciation and the context eliminate the need for a new symbol for every vowel by making the vowel predictable.<ref name=jour/>

Rules regarding inherent vowels of basic characters:

Only l, r, w, and y can form consonant clusters in Javanese. When ‘r’ or ‘y’ are the second consonant of the cluster, they are represented by diacritics “cakra” and “pengkal” respectively.<ref name=ws/> However, when the consonant cluster with ‘-r’ ends with the vowel /ə/, then a different diacritic, the ''keret'' is used. When ‘l’ or ‘w’ is the second consonant of a cluster, it is represented by the “pasangan” forms, modified consonant symbols, written under the symbol for the first consonant of the cluster.<ref name=jour/><ref name=lang/>

1) A basic character stands for a [[syllable]] that ends in the vowel /ɔ/ when the character is '''preceded''' by another character containing a '''sandhangan swara'''.

Words borrowed from other languages such as [[Arabic]] or [[Malay]] are also indicated by writing diacritic marks over similar sounding Javanese letters.<ref name=ws/>

2) A basic character stands for a [[syllable]] that ends in the vowel /a/ when the character is immediately '''followed''' by a character containing a '''sandhangan swara'''.

3) The first basic character of a word normally has the /ɔ/ vowel, unless it '''precedes two other basic characters''', in which case the first basic character has the /a/ vowel.

===Consonants===

The twenty [[consonants]] are:

'''ha, na, ca, ra, ka'''<br>

'''da, ta, sa, wa, la'''<br>

'''pa, dha, ja, ya, nya'''<br>

'''ma, ga, ba, tha, nga'''<br>

===Syllable-Final Consonants===

Four special syllable-final consonants are also denoted by [[diacritics]]. The four consonants are ''-ng'', ''-r'', ''-h'', and ''-l''; they are indicated by the ''cecak'', ''layar'', ''wignyan'', and ''pengkal'', respectively. Other consonants that appear in the word-final position require the use of the basic consonant symbols and the ''paten (or pangku)'' to indicate the absence of a vowel.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws/>

Other consonants that appear in the word-final position require the use of the basic consonant symbols and the ''paten (or pangku)'' to indicate the absence of a vowel.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws/>

===Consonant Clusters===

Only ''l'', ''r'', ''w'', and ''y'' can form consonant clusters in Javanese.

For example,

/l/: '''bl'''abag - ''board''

/r/: '''mr'''ana - ''going there''

/w/: '''dw'''i - ''two''

/y/: '''hy'''ang - ''God''

Only l, r, w, and y can form consonant clusters in Javanese. When ‘r’ or ‘y’ are the second consonant of the cluster, they are represented by diacritics “cakra” and “pengkal” respectively.<ref name=ws/> However, when the consonant cluster with ‘-r’ ends with the vowel /ə/, then a different diacritic, the ''keret'' is used. When ‘l’ or ‘w’ is the second consonant of a cluster, it is represented by the “pasangan” forms, modified consonant symbols, written under the symbol for the first consonant of the cluster.<ref name=jour/><ref name=lang/>

When ‘l’ or ‘w’ is the second consonant of a cluster, it is represented by the “pasangan” forms, modified consonant symbols, written under the symbol for the first consonant of the cluster.<ref name=jour/><ref name=lang/>

===Special Characters===

Words borrowed from other languages such as [[Arabic]] or [[Malay]] are also indicated by writing diacritic marks over similar sounding Javanese letters.<ref name=ws/> On top of that, Javanese also uses special characters to write foreign names or words.

A: There are five special characters used to write non-Javanese vowels. The five vowels are represented by the following names.

* 1) '''A'''li

* 2) '''I'''rawan

* 3) '''U'''mar

* 4) '''E'''ka

* 5) '''O'''to

B: There are five special characters used to write non-Javanese consonants. These consonants are /kh/, /dz/, /f/, /gh/, and /z/.

==Punctuation==

With the introduction of the new Javanese script (carakan script), different punctuation marks were also introduced.<ref name=jour/><ref name=lang/><ref name=ws/> Punctuations can be divided into two categories: primary and special. Primary punctuation includes the comma “pada-lungsi”, the period “pada-lingsa”, colon or quotation marks “pada-handhegging-celathu”, and a symbol to introduce a new sentence or paragraph “pada-bab”. Special punctuation includes the “pada-luhur” to introduce a letter to a person of lower rank; the “pada-madya” to introduce a letter to an equal; the “pada-handhap” to introduce a letter to a person of higher rank; the “purwa-pada” to introduce a poem; the”madya-pada” to indicate a new song in a poem; and the “wasana-pada” to indicate the end of a poem.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws/>:

*1) the [[comma]] “pada-lungsi”,

*2) the [[period]] “pada-lingsa”,

*3) [[colon]] or [[quotation marks]] “pada-handhegging-celathu”, and

*4) to introduce a new sentence or paragraph “pada-bab”.

Special punctuation includes:

*1) the “pada-luhur” to introduce a letter to a person of lower rank;

*2) the “pada-madya” to introduce a letter to an equal; the “pada-handhap” to introduce a letter to a person of higher rank;

*3) the “purwa-pada” to introduce a poem; the”madya-pada” to indicate a new song in a poem;

*4) and the “wasana-pada” to indicate the end of a poem.<ref name=jour/><ref name=ws/>

Two special rules apply to the usage of the comma, and the period.<ref name=jour/>