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==Geografia e toponimi==
[[Image:Colchisiberiamapandersen.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Antichi regni georgiani della '''Colchide''' e [[Iberia (Caucaso)|Iberia]], Copyright©2004 Andrew Andersen]]
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TheIl kingdomregno ofdi ColchisColchide, whichesistente existeddal fromVI theal sixthI tosecolo thea.C., firstviene centuriesconsiderato BCEcome isil regardedprimo asstato thegeorgiano, firstmentre Georgianil statetermine andcolchico thevenne termutilizzato Colchianscome wasun usedtermine ascollettivo theper collectiveindicare termle forprime earlyantiche Georgiantribù tribesgeorgiane whichche populatedpopolarono thela easterncosta coastorientale ofdel theMar black seaNero. <ref>Modern{{En}}Odi Hatredsmoderni, Symbolicpolitica Politicssimbolica ofdella Ethnicguerra Waretnica, Stuart J. Kaufman p. 91.</ref><ref>Modern{{En}}Odi Hatreds:moderni, Thepolitica Symbolicsimbolica Politicsdella ofguerra Ethnic Waretnica, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref> <ref>GeorgiaLa inGeorgia Antiquitynell'antichità: Auna Historystoria ofdella ColchisColchide and Transcaucasiane l'Iberia Transcaucasica, 550 BCa.C.-AD 562 d.C., David Braund Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Pp. 359</ref><ref>{{En}}
TheLa Makingformazione ofdel thepopolo Georgian Nationgeorgiano, Ronald Grigor Suny, p. 13</ref><ref>{{En}}
ModernOdi Hatreds:moderni, Thepolitica Symbolicsimbolica Politicsdella ofguerra Ethnic Waretnica, Stuart J. Kaufman, p. 91 </ref> <ref>{{En}} Cyril Toumanoff, StudiesStudi riguardanti inla Christianstoria Caucasiancaucasica Historycristiana, p 69 </ref> <ref>One{{En}}Un EuropeEuropa, Manymolte Nationsnazioni: Aun Historicaldizionario Dictionarystorico ofdei Europeangruppi Nationalnazionali Groupseuropei, James Minahan, p. 282</ref><ref>{{Ru}}[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063055.html TheLa GreatGrande SovietEnciclopedia EncyclopediaSovietica:Значение слова "Колхи" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии]</ref>
AccordingSecondo tol'esperto thedi scholarstudio of the Caucasian studiescaucasici [[Cyril Toumanoff]]:
{{quote|ColchisLa appearsColchide assembra theessere firststata Caucasianil Stateprimo tostato havecaucasico achievedad theavere coalescencerealizzato ofla thefusione newcomer,dei Colchisnuovi canarrivati bee justlypuò regardedessere asconsiderata notappropriatamente acome un regno non proto-Georgiangeorgiano, butma a Georgiangeorgiano (WestGeorgia Georgianoccidentale) kingdom....It wouldSembrerebbe seemnaturale naturalcercare togli seekinizi thedella beginningsstoria ofsociale Georgiangeorgiana socialnella historyColchide, inla Colchis, thepiù earliestantica Georgianformazione formationgeorgiana. <ref name=CToumanoff>{{En}}CToumanoff. Cyril Toumanoff, StudiesStudi riguardanti inla Christianstoria Caucasiancaucasica Historycristiana, p 69,84 </ref>}}
AUna secondseconda Georgianunione tribaltribale uniongeorgiana emergedemerge in thenel [[13thXIII centurysecolo BCa.C.]] onsulla thecosta Blackdel SeaMar coastNero under creatingcreando theil KingdomRegno ofdi ColchisColchide innella theGeorgia western Georgiaoccidentale. ThisQuesto kingdomregno wasfu auna firstprima statefomazione formationstatale ofdegli theantichi early Georgiansgeorgiani. <ref>{{En}}D. Braund, ''La Georgia in Antiquitynell'antichità: Auna Historystoria ofdella ColchisColchide and Transcaucasianed Iberia Transcaucasica, 550 BC–562a.C.–562 ADd.C.'', Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> <ref>{{En}}James Stuart Olson, ''AnUn Ethnohistoricaldizionario Dictionaryetnostorico ofdegli theimperi Russianrusso ande Soviet Empiressovietico'', p. 242 </ref>AccordingSecondo tola mostmaggior classicparte authors,degli aautori districtclassici, whichun wasdistretto boundedche onconfinava thea sud-ovest southwestcon byil [[PontusPonto]], ona theovest westcon by theil [[BlackMar SeaNero]] asfino faral as the riverfiume Corax (probablyprobabilmente the present dayl'attuale [[Bzybi River]], [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), ona thenord northcon byla thecatena chainmontuosa of thedel [[CaucasusCatena Mountains|Greaterdel CaucasusCaucaso|Caucaso]], which lay betweenche itla andsepara Asiaticdalla [[Sarmatianssarmati|SarmatiaSarmazia]] asiatica, ona the east byest dall'[[Caucasian Iberia (Caucaso)|Iberia]] ande i [[Moschia|MontesMonti Moschici]] (now theadesso [[CaucasusCatena del MountainsCaucaso|LesserCaucaso Caucasusminore]]), ande ona thesud south bycon l'[[Armenia]]. ThereC'è isqualche somepiccola littledifferenza differencetra ingli authorsautori asriguardo toall'estensione thedella extentregione ofverso the country westwardoccidente: thusperciò [[StraboStrabone]] makesfa Colchisiniziare beginla atColchide a [[TrabzonTrebisonda]], whilementre [[PtolemyTolomeo]], on the otherd'altra handparte, extendsestende il [[PontusPonto]] tofino theal fiume [[Rioni River]]. [[Pitsunda]] wasera thel'ultima lastcittà town to thea northnord indella ColchisColchide.
Il nome di Colchide per prima appare in [[Eschilo]] e [[Pindaro]]. Gli scrittori più antichi si riferiscono ad essa soltanto con il nome di Aea (Aia), la residenza del mitico re [[Eete]]: "L'Aia colchica giace oltre i limiti del mare e della terra", scriveva [[Apollonio di Rodi]]. <ref>Apollonius, ''[[Le Argonautiche]]'', II.417.</ref> Il fiume principale era il [[Fasi (fiume)|Fasi]] (adesso [[Rioni]]) che, molto probabilmente, scorreva attraverso la zona centrale della regione dal Caucaso verso occidente (per sfociare nell'Eusino meridionale) e l'Anticite o Atticito (adesso [[Kuban]]); secondo alcuni scrittori era il confine meridionale della Colchide. [[Arriano]] menziona molti altri fiumi per nome, ma sembra siano stati poco più che torrenti montani, i più importanti dei quali erano : Charieis, Chobus o Cobus, Singames, Tarsuras, Hippus, Astelephus, Chrysorrhoas, molti dei quali vengono anche citati da [[Tolomeo]] e [[Plinio il Vecchio|Plinio]]. Le città principali erano [[Sukhumi|Dioscurias]] o Dioscuris (sotto i [[impero romano|romani]] chiamata Sebastopoli, adesso [[Sukhumi]]) situata lungo la zona costiera dell'Eusino, Sarapana (adesso [[Shorapani]]), [[Fasi (città)|Fasi]] (adesso [[Poti]]), Pityus (adesso [[Pitsunda]]), [[Apsaros]] (adesso [[Gonio]]), [[Surium]] (adesso [[Surami]]), Archeopoli (adesso [[Nokalakevi]]), Macheiresis, e Cyta o Cutatisium (adesso [[Kutaisi]]), il tradizionale luogo di nascita di [[Medea]], mentre [[Scilace di Carianda|Scilace]], contrariamente ad altri scrittori, menziona Mala o Male, come la città natale di Medea.
The name of Colchis first appears in [[Aeschylus]] and [[Pindar]]. The earlier writers only speak of it under the name of Aea (Aia), the residence of the mythical king [[Aeëtes]]: "Kolchian Aia lies at the furthest limits of sea and earth," wrote [[Apollonius of Rhodes]].<ref>Apollonius, ''[[Argonautica]]'', II.417.</ref> The main river was the [[Phasis (river)|Phasis]] (now Rioni), which was according to some writers the south boundary of Colchis, but more probably flowed through the middle of that country from the Caucasus west by south to the Euxine, and the Anticites or Atticitus (now [[Kuban]]). [[Arrian]] mentions many others by name, but they would seem to have been little more than mountain torrents: the most important of them were Charieis, Chobus or Cobus, Singames, Tarsuras, Hippus, Astelephus, Chrysorrhoas, several of which are also noticed by [[Ptolemy]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. The chief towns were [[Sukhumi|Dioscurias]] or Dioscuris (under the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] called Sebastopolis, now [[Sukhumi]]) on the seaboard of the Euxine, Sarapana (now [[Shorapani]]), [[Phasis (town)|Phasis]] (now [[Poti]]), Pityus (now [[Pitsunda]]), [[Apsaros]] (now [[Gonio]]), [[Surium]] (now [[Surami]]), Archaeopolis (now [[Nokalakevi]]), Macheiresis, and Cyta or Cutatisium (now [[Kutaisi]]), the traditional birthplace of [[Medea]]. [[Scylax of Caryanda|Scylax]] mentions also Mala or Male, which he, in contradiction to other writers, makes the birthplace of [[Medea]].
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==Storia==
===Primi periodi===
[[Image:Colchis-bracelet.jpg|thumb|left|Braccialeti d'oro, [[V secolo a.C.|V]]–[[IV secolo a.C.]].]]
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The eastern BlackMar SeaNero region in antiquity was home to the well-developed bronze culture known as the [[Colchian culture]], related to the neighbouring [[Koban culture]], that emerged towards the Middle [[Bronze Age]]. In at least some parts of ColchisColchide the process of urbanization seems to have been well advanced by the end of the second millennium BCa.C., centuries before [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] settlement. The Colchian Late [[Bronze Age]] (15th to 8th Centurysecolo BCa.C.) saw the development of significant skill in the smelting and casting of metals that began long before this skill was mastered in [[Europe]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. Sophisticated farming implements were made and fertile, well-watered lowlands with a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques.
ColchisColchide was inhabited by a number of related but distinct tribes whose settlements lay chiefly along the shore of the BlackMar SeaNero. The chief of those were the [[Machelones]], [[Heniochi]], [[Zydretae]], [[Egrisi|Lazi]], [[Chalybes]], [[Tabal]]/[[Tibareni]]/[[Tubal]], [[Mossynoeci]], [[Macrones]], [[Meskheti|Moschi]], [[Marres]], [[Apsilia|Apsilae]], [[Kingdom of Abkhazia|Abasci]] <ref>According to some scholars, ancient tribes such as the Absilae (mentioned by Pliny, 1st centurysecolo CEd.C.) and Abasgoi (mentioned by Arrian, 2nd centurysecolo CEd.C.) correspond to the modern Abkhazians (Chirikba, V., "On the etymology of the ethnonym 'apswa' "Abkhaz", in ''The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia'', 3, 13-18, Chicago, 1991; Hewitt, B. G., "The valid and non-valid application of philology to history", in ''Revue des Etudes Georgiennes et Caucasiennes'', 6-7, 1990-1991, 247-263). However this claim is controversial and no academic consensus has yet been reached. Other scholars suggest that these ethnonyms instead reflect a common regional origin, rather than emphasizing a distinct and separate ethnic and cultural identity in antiquity. For example, Tariel Putkaradze, a Georgian scholar, suggests, "In the 3rd-2nd millennia BCa.C. the Kartvelian, Abhaz-Abaza, Circassian-Adyghe and Vaynakh tribes must have been part of a great Ibero-Caucasian ethnos. Therefore, it is natural that several tribes or ethnoses descending from them have the names derived from a single stem. The Kartvelian Aphaz, Apsil, Apšil and north Caucasian Apsua, Abazaha, Abaza, existing in the 1st millennium, were the names denoting different tribes of a common origin. Some of these tribes (Apsils, Apshils) disappeared, others mingled with kindred tribes, and still others have survived to the present day." (Putkaradze, T. ''The Kartvelians'', 2005, translated by Irene Kutsia) </ref>, [[Sanigia|Sanigae]], [[Coraxi]], [[Coli (tribe)|Coli]], [[Melanchlaeni]], [[Gelonians|Geloni]] and [[Svaneti|Soani (Suani)]]. These tribes differed so completely in language and appearance from the surrounding nations that the ancients provided various theories to account for the phenomenon. //-->
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For example, [[Herodotus]] states that the Colchians, with the [[Egyptians]] and the [[Ethiopia]]ns, were the first to practice [[circumcision]], a custom which he claims the Colchians themselves inherited from remnants of the army of [[Pharaoh]] [[Senusret III]] ([[19th centurysecolo BCa.C.|1878]]-1841 BCa.C.). He thus regarded them as Egyptians. [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] states that the Egyptians of ColchisColchide preserved as heirlooms a number of wooden tablets showing seas and highways with considerable accuracy. Though the 'Egyptian' theory of origin was not generally adopted by the ancients, it has been defended – but not with complete success, by some modern writers {{Factcitazione necessaria|datedata=Junegiugno 2008}}. A small population of black people in the area existed in the early 20th Centurysecolo, so it is possible there was a black component (which predates the Arab slave trade) in the BlackMar SeaNero region, whose origins could conceivably be traced to an ancient expedition into the region by blacks from Africa. However, in the absence of any conclusive archeological evidence, this claim is speculative. [http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/loc/colchis.htm]
[[Image:Lazicaandersen.jpg|300px|thumb|Kingdom of ColchisColchide during the rise of Pontus and Armenia in [[189 BCa.C.|189]]–[[63 BCa.C.]].]]
Many modern theories suggest that the ancestors of the [[Laz people|Laz]]-[[Samegrelo|Mingrelians]] comprised the dominant ethnic and cultural presence in the region in antiquity, and hence played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of the modern [[Georgians]]. <ref> Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States,
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In the 13th centurysecolo BCa.C., the Kingdom of ColchisColchide was formed as a result of the increasing consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the region. This power, celebrated in [[Greek mythology]] as the destination of the [[Argonauts]], the home of [[Medea]] and the special ___domain of sorcery, was known to [[Urartu|Urartians]] as Qulha (aka Kolkha, or Kilkhi). Being in permanent wars with the neighbouring nations, the Colchians managed to absorb part of [[Diauehi]] in the 750s BCa.C., but lost several provinces (including the “royal city” of Ildemusa) to the [[Sarduris II of Urartu]] following the wars of 750-748 and 744-742 BCa.C.. Overrun by the [[Cimmerians]] and [[Scythians]] in the 730s-720s BCa.C., the kingdom disintegrated and came under the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] towards the mid-[[6th centurysecolo BCa.C.]]. The tribes living in the southern ColchisColchide ([[Tabal|Tibareni]], [[Mossynoeci]], [[Macrones]], [[Meskheti|Moschi]], and [[Marres]]) were incorporated in the 19th [[Satrap]]y of the Persia, while the northern tribes submitted “voluntarily” and had to send to the Persian court 100 girls and 100 boys in every 5 years. The influence exerted on ColchisColchide by the vast Achaemenid Empire with its thriving commerce and wide economic and commercial ties with other regions accelerated the socio-economic development of the Colchian land. Subsequently the ColchisColchide people appear to have overthrown the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] Authority, and to have formed an independent state {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. According to Ronald Suny: This western Georgian state was federated to Kartli-Iberia, and its kings ruled through ''skeptukhi'' (royal governors) who received a staff from the king. <ref>The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd Ed, Ronald Grigor Suny, p 13 </ref>
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===Colonizzazione greca===
[[Image:Colchis-Nike.jpg|thumb|100px|Statuetta della dea [[Nike (mitologia)|Nike]] trovata a [[Vani]], Georgia.]]
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The advanced economy and favorable geographic and natural conditions of the area attracted the [[Miletus|Milesian Greeks]] who colonized the Colchian coast establishing here their trading posts at [[Poti|Phasis]], [[Gyenos]], and [[Sukhumi]] in the 6th-5th centuries BCa.C.. It was considered "the farthest voyage" according to an ancient Greek proverbial expression, the easternmost ___location in that society's known world, where the sun rose. It was situated just outside the lands conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]. [[Poti|Phasis]] and [[Sukhumi]] were the splendid Greek cities dominated by the mercantile oligarchies, sometimes being troubled by the Colchians from hinterland before seemingly assimilating totally. After the fall of the Persian Empire, significant part of ColchisColchide locally known as [[Egrisi]] was annexed to the recently created [[Caucasian Iberia|Kingdom of Iberia]] ([[Kartli]]) in ca. 302 BCa.C.. However, soon ColchisColchide seceded and broke up into several small princedoms ruled by [http://bible-history.com/latin/latin_s.html ''sceptuchi'']. They retained a degree of independence until conquered (circa 101 BCa.C.) by [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]].
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===Sotto il Ponto===
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Mithradates VI quelled an uprising in the region in 83 BCa.C. and gave ColchisColchide to his son Mithradates Chrestus, who was soon executed being suspected in having plotted against his father. During the [[Third Mithridatic War]], Mithridates VI made another his son [[Machares]] king of ColchisColchide, who held his power but for a short period. On the defeat of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] in 65 BCa.C., ColchisColchide was occupied by [[Pompey]], who captured one of the local chiefs (sceptuchus) Olthaces, and installed Aristarchus as a ''[[Dynasty|dynast]]'' (65-47 BCa.C.). On the fall of Pompey, [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces II]], son of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]], took advantage of [[Julius Caesar]] being occupied in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], and reduced ColchisColchide, [[Armenia]], and some part of [[Cappadocia]], defeating [[Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus]], whom Caesar subsequently sent against him. His triumph was, however, short-lived. Under [[Polemon I of Pontus|Polemon I]], the son and successor of [[Pharnaces II of Pontus|Pharnaces II]], ColchisColchide was part of the [[Pontus]] and the [[Bosporan Kingdom]]. After the death of Polemon (after 2 BCa.C.), his second wife [[Pythodorida of Pontus|Pythodoris]] retained possession of ColchisColchide as well as of Pontus itself, though the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power. Her son and successor [[Polemon (Cilicia)|Polemon II of Pontus]] was induced by Emperor [[Nero]] to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and ColchisColchide were incorporated in the Province of [[Galatia]] (63) and later in [[Cappadocia]] (81).
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===Sotto il governo romano===
[[Image:Colchis-earrrings.jpg|thumb|Orecchini d'oro della Colchide.]]
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Despite the fact that all major fortresses along the seacoast were occupied by the Romans, their rule was pretty loose. In 69, the people of Pontus and ColchisColchide under [[Anicetus (Pontus)|Anicetus]] staged a major uprising against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] which ended unsuccessfully. The lowlands and coastal area were frequently raided by the fierce mountainous tribes with the [[Svaneti|Soanes]] and [[Heniochi]] being the most powerful of them. Paying a nominal homage to [[Rome]], they created their own kingdoms and enjoyed significant independence. [[Christianity]] began to spread in the early 1st centurysecolo. Traditional accounts relate the event with [[Saint Andrew]], Saint [[Simon the Zealot]], and Saint [[Matata (religious figure)|Matata]]. However, the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]], local [[paganism|pagan]] and [[Mithraic Mysteries|Mithraic]] religious beliefs would be widespread until the 4th centurysecolo. By the 130s, the kingdoms of [[Machelons]], [[Heniochi]], [[Egrisi]], [[Apsilia]], [[Kingdom of Abkhazia|Abasgia]], and [[Sanigia]] had occupied the district form south to north. [[Goths]], dwelling in the [[Crimea]] and looking for their new homes, raided ColchisColchide in 253, but they were repulsed with the help of the Roman garrison of [[Pitsunda]]. By the 3rd-4th centuries, most of the local kingdoms and principalities had been subjugated by the Lazic kings, and thereafter the country was generally referred to as Lazica ([[Egrisi]]).
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==Regnanti==
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Little is known of the rulers of ColchisColchide;
* [[Aeëtes]], celebrated in Greek legends as a powerful king of ColchisColchide, is thought by some historians to be a historic person, though there is no evidence to support the idea.
* Kuji, a presiding prince (eristavi) of [[Egrisi]] under the authority of [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia]] (''ca'' 302-237 BCa.C.) (according to the medieval Georgian annals).
* Akes (''Basileus Aku'') (end of the [[4th centurysecolo BCa.C.]]), king of ColchisColchide; his name is found on a coin issued by him.
* Saulaces, "king" in the [[2nd centurysecolo BCa.C.]] (according to some ancient sources).
* Mithradates Chrestus (fl 83 BCa.C.), under the authority of [[Pontus]].
* Machares (fl 65 BCa.C.), under the authority of [[Pontus]].
''Note: During his reign, the local chiefs, sceptuchi, continued to exercise some power. One of them, Olthaces, is mentioned by the Roman sources as a captive of [[Pompey]] in 65 BCa.C..''
* Aristarchus (65-47 BCa.C.), a dynasty under the authority of [[Pompey]]
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==La Colchide nella mitologia==
Nella [[mitologia greca]], la Colchide è la regione dove era custodito il [[vello d'oro]], che sarà preso dagli [[Argonauti]] guidati da [[Giàsone (mitologia)|Giàsone]]. Ad aiutarlo nella conquista fu [[Medea (mitologia)|Medea]], principessa della Colchide, protagonista di una [[tragedia greca|tragedia]] di [[Euripide]] dal titolo, appunto, di [[Medea (Euripide)|Medea]].
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According to the Greek mythology, ColchisColchide was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. Here in the sacred grove of the war god [[Ares]], King [[Aeëtes]] hung the [[Golden Fleece]] until it was seized by [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]]. ColchisColchide was also the land where the mythological [[Prometheus]] was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire. [[Amazons]] also were said to be of [[Scythia]]n origin from ColchisColchide. The main mythical characters from ColchisColchide are [[Aeëtes]], [[Medea]], [[Absyrtus]], [[Chalciope]], [[Circe]], [[Eidyia]], [[Pasiphaë]].
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==Ulteriori letture==
*{{En}}Braund, David. 1994. ''GeorgiaLa inGeorgia Antiquitynell'antichità: Auna Historystoria ofdella ColchisColchide and Transcaucasiane l'Iberia Transcaucasica, 550 BCa.C.-AD 562 d.C.'' Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814473-3
*{{EnFr}}Gocha R. Tsetskhladze. ''Pichvnari ande Its Environsdintorni, 6th c BCVI-4thIV csecolo ADd.C.'' ''Annales LittérairesAnnali deLetterari ldell'UniversitéUniversità dedella Franche-Comté'', 659, Editeurs: M. Clavel-Lévêque, E. Geny, P. Lévêque. Paris: Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 1999. ISBN 2-913322-42-5
*{{En}}Otar Lordkipanidze. ''PhasisFasi: Theil Riverfiume ande Cityla ofcittà Colchisdella Colchide.'' ''Geographica Historica 15'', Franz Steiner 2000. ISBN 3-515-07271-3
*{{En}}Alexander Melamid. ''ColchisColchide todayoggi. (northeasternTurchia Turkeynord-orientale)'': Anun articlearticolo fromda: ''The Geographical Review.'' American Geographical Society, 1993. ISBN B000925IWE
*{{En}}{{Ru}}Akaki Urushadze. ''TheLa Countryegione ofdella thedella EnchantressMedia Mediaincantatrice'', Tbilisi, 1984 (in Russian and English)
==Voci correlate==
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