Design knowledge: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:14, 8 February 2009

Revision as of 05:23, 8 February 2009

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There is a large body of knowledge that designers call upon and use during the design process to match the ever-increasing

complexity of design problems <ref> X.F. Zha, H. Du, Knowledge intensive collaborative design modeling and support, part I: Review, distributed models and framework, Computers in Industry 57 (2006) 39–55 </ref>. '''Design knowledge''' can be classified into two categories <ref>M. Stokes, Managing Engineering Knowledge: MOKA Methodology for Knowledge Based Engineering Applications, MOKA Consortium, London,2001.</ref>: '''product knowledge''' and '''design process knowledge'''.

'''Product knowledge''' has been fairly studied and a number of modeling techniques have been

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designs. Based on these techniques, a design repository project

at NIST attempts to model three fundamental facets of an

artifact representation <ref>2S. Szykman, R.D. Sriram, W. Regli, The role of knowledge in nextgeneration product development systems, ASME Journal of Computin and Information Science in Engineering 1 (1) (2001) 3–11.</ref> <ref>3S. Szykman, Architecture and implementation of a design repository system, in: Proceedings of ASME DETC2002, 2002, Paper No. DETC2002/CIE-34463.</ref>: the physical layout of the artifact

(form), an indication of the overall effect that the artifact

creates (function), and a causal account of the operation of the

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development of the basic foundations of the next generation of

CAD systems suggested a core representation for design

information called the '''NIST core product model''' (CPM) <ref>4S.J. Fenves, A core product model for representing design information, NISTIR 6736, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001.</ref> and

a set of derived models defined as extensions of the CPM (e.g.

<ref>X.F. Zha, R.D. Sriram, Feature-based component model for design of embedded system, in: B. Gopalakrishnan (Ed.), Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5605, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, vol. V, 2004, pp. 226–237.

<ref>5</ref><ref>15</ref>). The NIST core product model has been developed to

</ref><ref>R. Sudarsan, Y.H. Han, S.C. Feng, U. Roy, F. Wang, R.D. Sriram, K. Lyons, Object-oriented representation of electro-mechanical assemblies using UML, NISTIR 7057, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003.</ref>). The NIST core product model has been developed to

unify and integrate product or assembly information. The CPM

provides a base-level product model that is: not tied to any

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'''Design process knowledge''' can be described in two levels:

design activities and design rationale <ref>X.F. Zha, R. D. Sriram, et al., Knowledge-intensive collaborative decision support for design process: hybrid decision support model and agent, Computers in Industry 59 (2008) </ref>. The importance of

representation for design rationale has been recognized but it is

a more complex issue that extends beyond artifact function. The

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system for modeling the product development process using a

multi-tiered DSM is developed at MIT. However, few research

endeavors have been found on design rationale <ref>F. Pena-Mora, R.D. Sriram, R. Logcher, SHARED DRIMS: SHARED design recommendation and intent management system, in: Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, IEEE Press,1993, pp. 213–221.</ref><ref>F. Pena-Mora, R.D. Sriram, R. Logcher, Conflict mitigation system for collaborative engineering, AI EDAM—Special Issue of Concurrent Engineering 9 (2) (1995) 101–123.</ref>.

endeavors have been found on design rationale <ref>6</ref><ref>7</ref>.

In terms of representation scenarios, '''design knowledge''' can

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collection of design knowledge into a certain case for

description. '''Case-based design''' is an example of this approach

<ref>W.H.Wood III, A.M. Agogino, Case based conceptual design information server for concurrent engineering, Computer-Aided Design 8 (5) (1996) 361–369.

<ref>8</ref>. The key issue is on the computerization of the

design knowledge representation. For instance, researchers at

the Engineering Design Centre at Lancaster University, UK

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capture the dynamic design knowledge in a certain format for

design re-use and archive. A few research efforts have been

found in this area. Blessing <ref>9L.T.M. Blessing, A process-based approach to computer supported engineering design, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, 1993.</ref> proposes the process-based

support system (PROSUS) based on a model of the design

process rather than the product. It uses design matrix to

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design activity.

'''Ontologies''' are being used for product representation (e.g. <ref>10L. Patil, D. Dutta, R.D. Sriram, Ontology-based exchange of product data semantics, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 2 (3) (2005) 213–225.</ref>).

Research suggests, therefore, that there is a need to provide

'''computer support''' that will supply clear and complete design

knowledge and also facilitate designer intervention and

customization during the decision-making activities in the

design process <ref>11A.M. Madni, The role of human factors in expert systems design and acceptance, Human Factors 30 (4) (1988) 395–414.</ref>. For example, WebCADET <ref>12P.A. Rodgers, A.P. Huxor, N.H.M. Caldwell, Design support using distributed web-based AI tools, Research in Engineering Design 11 (1999) 31–44.</ref> is a design

support system that uses distributed Web-based AI

tools. It uses the ‘‘AI as text’’ approach, where '''knowledge-based systems''' (KBSs) can be seen as a medium to

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* X.F. Zha, H. Du, Knowledge intensive collaborative design modeling and support, part I: Review, distributed models and framework, Computers in Industry 57 (2006) 39–55

* X.F. Zha, H. Du, Knowledge intensive collaborative design modeling and support, Part II: System Implementation and Application, Computers in Industry 57 (2006) 56-71

* R. Sudarsan, Y.H. Han, S.C. Feng, U. Roy, F. Wang, R.D. Sriram, K. Lyons, Object-oriented representation of electro-mechanical assemblies using UML, NISTIR 7057, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003.