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When precise spike timing or high-frequency firing-rate [[fluctuations]] are found to carry information, the neural code is often identified as a temporal code <ref name="Dayan">Dayan P and Abbott LF. 2001. ''Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press</ref>. A number of studies have found that the temporal resolution of the neural code is on a millisecond time scale, indicating that precise spike timing is a significant element in neural coding <ref name="Daniel">Daniel A. Butts, Chong Weng, Jianzhong Jin, Chun-I Yeh, Nicholas A. Lesica1, Jose-Manuel Alonso and Garrett B. Stanley. 2007. Temporal precision in the neural code and the timescales of natural vision. ''Nature'' 449, 92-95</ref>.
Temporal codes employ those features of the spiking activity that cannot be described by the firing rate. For example, time to first spike after the stimulus onset, characteristics based on the second and higher statistical moments of the ISI [[probability distribution]], spike randomness, or precisely timed groups of spikes (temporal patterns) are candidates for temporal codes <ref name="Kostal">Kostal L, Lansky P, and Rospars JP. 2007. Neuronal coding and spiking randomness. ''
The temporal structure of a spike train or firing rate evoked by a stimulus is determined both by the dynamics of the stimulus and by the nature of the neural encoding process. Stimuli that change rapidly tend to generate precisely timed spikes and rapidly changing firing rates no matter what neural coding strategy is being used. Temporal coding refers to temporal precision in the response that does not arise solely from the dynamics of the stimulus, but that nevertheless relates to properties of the stimulus. The interplay between stimulus and encoding dynamics makes the identification of a temporal code difficult.
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