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: <math>\gamma_c(A) = {(2^\rho - 1)d^2_\min (A) \over 6E_s}.</math>
This definition is normalized so that <math>\gamma_c(A) = 1</math> for M-PAM or (M×M)-QAM. The UBE becomes
: <math>P_s(E) \approx K_s(A)Q\sqrt(3\gamma_c(A)SNR_{norm}),</math>
where <math>K_s(A)</math> is the average number of nearest neighbors per two dimensions.
==See also==
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