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Besides <math>G_{A}</math> other measurements (called ''gradient moments'') can be calculated from the gradient lattice.<ref name=rosa03>Rosa, R.R.; Campos, M.R.; Ramos, F.M.; Vijaykumar, N.L.; Fujiwara, S.; Sato, T. ''Braz. J. Phys.'' '''33''', 605 (2003).</ref>. Considering the sets of local norms and phases as discrete compact groups, spatially distributed in a square lattice, the gradient moments have the basic property of being globally invariant (for rotation and modulation).
The primary research on gradient lattices applied to characterize [[weak turbulence]] from X-ray images of [[solar active regions]] was developed in the Department of Astronomy at [[University of Maryland, College Park]], USA. A key line of research on GPA´s algorithms and applications has been developed at Lab for Computing and Applied Mathematics (LAC) at National Institute for Space Research ([[INPE]]) in Brazil.
== Relation to other methods ==
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