Isola artificiale: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 06:23, 22 nov 2009

Versione delle 23:35, 13 dic 2009

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{{T|inglese|storia|giugno 2008}}

[[Immagine:Tenoch2A.jpg|thumb|250px|Prima di [[Mexico City]], [[Tenochtitlan]] era un'isola artificiale di 250.000 abitanti ([[Dr. Atl]])]]

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Alcuni degli sviluppi recenti sono derivati dallo studio delle [[piattaforme petrolifere]] (ad esempio [[Principality of Sealand| Sealand]] e [[Isola delle Rose (micronazione)|l'isola delle Rose]]).

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==History==

Despite a popular image of modernity, artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the [[crannog]]s of prehistoric [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]], the ceremonial centers of [[Nan Madol]] in [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] and the still extant [[floating island]]s of [[Lake Titicaca]]. The city of [[Tenochtitlan]], the [[Aztec]] predecessor of [[Mexico City]] that was home to 250,000 people when the Spaniards arrived, stood on a small natural island in [[Lake Texcoco]] that was surrounded by countless artificial ''[[Chinampa|chinamitl]]'' islands.

Many artificial islands have been built in [[city|urban]] [[harbor]]s to provide either a site deliberately isolated from the city or just spare [[real estate]] otherwise unobtainable in a crowded metropolis. An example of the first case is [[Dejima]] (or ''Deshima''), built in the bay of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] in [[Japan]]'s [[Edo period]] as a contained center for [[Europe]]an [[trade|merchants]]. During the isolationist era, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] people were generally banned from Nagasaki and Japanese from Dejima. Similarly, [[Ellis Island]], in [[Upper New York Bay]] beside [[New York City]], a former tiny islet greatly expanded by land reclamation, served as an isolated [[immigrant|immigration]] center for the [[United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th century, preventing an escape to the city of those refused entry for disease or other perceived flaw, who might otherwise be tempted toward [[illegal immigrant|illegal immigration]]. One of the most well-known artificial islands is the [[Île Notre-Dame]] in [[Montreal]], built for [[Expo 67]].

The [[Venetian Islands, Miami Beach, Florida|Venetian Islands]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], in [[Biscayne Bay]] added valuable new real estate during the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]]. When the bubble that the developers were riding burst, the bay was left scarred with the remnants of their failed project. A boom town development company was building a sea wall for an island that was to be called [[Isola di Lolando]] but could not stay in business after the [[1926 Miami Hurricane]] and the [[Great Depression]], dooming the island-building project. The concrete pilings from the project still stand as another development boom roars around them, 80 years later.

==Modern projects==

[[Immagine:Kansai closeup.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Kansai International Airport]] from space]]

[[Immagine:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb|300px|[[The Palm, Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]].]]

Some contemporary projects are much more ambitious. [[Kansai International Airport]] is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island in 1994, followed by [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]] in 2005 and the [[New Kitakyushu Airport]] and [[Kobe Airport]] in 2006.

[[Dubai]] is home to some of the largest artificial island complexes in the world, including the three [[Palm Islands]] projects, [[The World (archipelago)|The World]] and the [[Dubai Waterfront]], the last of which will be the largest in scale.

The Israeli government is now planning for 4 artificial islands to be completed in 2013, off the coasts of [[Tel Aviv]], [[Herzliya]], [[Netanya]] and [[Haifa]]. Each island will house some 20,000 people and bring in 10,000 jobs. The islands should help with overcrowding in [[Cities in Israel|Israeli cities]] and even be employed to do the same in [[Gaza]]. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}

A proposal has also been presented in [[The Netherlands]] to create artificial islands, perhaps in the shape of a [[tulip]], in the [[North Sea]]. <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/10/asia/testrtrisland11.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed Dutch plan to build a new island - International Herald Tribune]</ref>

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==Status politico==

Secondo la [[Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul Diritto del Mare]], le isole artificiali hanno un piccolo riconoscimento legale.<ref>{{en}}[http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm UNCLOS and Agreement on Part XI - Preamble and frame index]</ref>.

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Such islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11) and are under the jurisdiction of the nearest coastal state if within 200 nautical miles (370 km) (Article 56). Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or exclusive economic zones, and only the coastal state may authorize their construction (Article 60). However, on the high seas beyond national jurisdiction, any "state" may construct artificial islands (Article 87).

Some attempts to create [[micronation]]s have involved artificial islands such as [[Principality of Sealand|Sealand]] and [[Republic of Rose Island]].

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==Argomenti correlati==

* [[Crannóg]]