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="Humanism"=
==Niccolò Machiavelli==
[[image:Machiavelli.jpg|thumb|100px|Niccolò Machiavelli]]
'''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' (Florence, 1469-1527), best known for his ''Il Principe'' was the founder of realist political philosophy, advocated republican government, citizen armies, division of power, protection of personal property, and restraint of government expenditure as being necessary to the liberties of a republic. He wrote extensively on the need for individual initiative - ''virtu'' - as an essential characteristic of stable government. He argued that liberty was the central good which government should protect, and that "good people" would make good laws, where as people who had lost their virtu could maintain their liberties only with difficulty. His Discourses on Livy outlined realism as the central idea of political study and favored "Republics" over "Principalties".
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=From Locke to Mill=
==John Locke==
[[Image:John Locke.jpg|thumb|100px|John Locke]]
The notions of '''[[John Locke]]''' (United Kingdom, 1632-1704) of a "[[government]] with the consent of the governed" and man's [[natural rights]]—[[life]], [[liberty]], and [[Estate (law)|estate]] ([[property]]) as well on [[tolerance]], as laid down in ''A letter concerning toleration'' and ''Two treatises of government'' —had an enormous influence on the development of [[liberalism]]. Developed a theory of property resting on the actions of individuals, rather than on descent or nobility.
One could argue that [[liberalism|liberal theory]] starts with Locke, influenced by the proto-liberal contributions listed above.
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==Charles de Montesquieu==
[[image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|100px|Montesquieu]]
'''[[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Charles de Montesquieu]]''' (France, 1689-1755)
*Some literature:
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==Anders Chydenius==
[[Image:Anders Chydenius.jpg|100px|thumb|Anders Chydenius]]
'''[[Anders Chydenius]]''' (Finland, 1729-1803)
His book ''Den Nationale Winsten'' proposed roughly same the ideas as [[Adam Smith]]'s ''Wealth of Nations'', a decade earlier, including foundations of [[liberalism]] and [[capitalism]] and (roughly) the ''[[invisible hand]]''. He demanded complete economic and individual freedom, including the freedom of religion (although he was a priest), worker's rights to freely move and choose their professions and employers, the freedom of speech and trade and abolitions of all privileges and price and wage controls.
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==Adam Smith==
[[Image:Adam Smith.jpg|100px|thumb|Adam Smith]]
'''[[Adam Smith]]''' (United Kingdom, 1723-1790)
*Some literature:
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==Immanuel Kant==
[[Image:kant.jpg|100px|thumb|Immanuel Kant]]
'''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' (Germany, 1724-1804)
*Some literature:
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==Thomas Paine==
[[Image:ThomasPaine_2.jpg|thumb|100px|Thomas Paine]]
'''[[Thomas Paine]]''' (United Kingdom/United States, 1737-1809)
*Some literature:
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==Wilhelm von Humboldt==
[[Image:WilhelmvonHumboldt.jpg|thumb|100px|Wilhelm von Humboldt]]
'''[[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]''' (Germany, 1767-1835)
*Some literature:
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==John Stuart Mill==
[[Image:JohnStuartMill.JPG|thumb|100px|John Stuart Mill]]
'''[[John Stuart Mill]]''' (United Kingdom, 1806-1873) is one of the first champions of modern "liberalism" as such, his work on [[political economy]] and [[logic]] helped lay the foundation for advancements in empirical science and public policy based on verifiable improvements. Strongly influenced by Bentham's [[utilitarianism]], he disagrees with Kant's intuitive notion of right and formulates the "highest normative principle" of morals as:
''Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.''
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==Lujo Brentano==
[[Image:Lujo Brentano.png|thumb|100px|Lujo Brentano]]
'''[[Ludwig Joseph Brentano]]''' (Germany, 1844-1931)
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==Friedrich Hayek==
[[Image:FvonHayek.jpg|thumb|100px|Friedrich von Hayek]]
'''[[Friedrich Hayek]]''' (Austria/United Kingdom/United States/Germany, 1899-1992)
*Some literature:
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**''The Affluent Society'', 1958
**''The Liberal Hour'', 1960
==Isaiah Berlin==
[[Image:IsaiahBerlin.jpg|thumb|100px|Isaiah Berlin]]
'''[[Isaiah Berlin]]''' (Latvia/United Kingdom, 1909-1997)
*Some literature:
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