Help:IPA/Conventions for English: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:52, 7 August 2009

Revision as of 02:59, 7 August 2009

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="4"| Traditional [[Vowelmonophthong]]s

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! IPA !! Traditional [[monophthong]]s !! colspan="24" | [[R-colored vowel]]s<ref> In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accent]]s such as RP, {{IPA|/r/}} not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In Wikipedia articles, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} ''etc.'' are not always distinguished from {{IPA|/ɪr/}} ''etc.'' When they are, the long vowels may be transcribed {{IPA|/iːr/}} ''etc.'' by analogy with vowels not followed by {{IPA|/r/}}.</ref>

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! [[WP:IPA for English|WP]] !! [[OED]]2 !! OED3 !! [[SOED]] !! [[Kenyon and Knott|K&K]]

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|<big>{{IPA|æ}}</big>

| align=left|b'''a'''t, b'''a'''d, sh'''a'''ll, b'''a'''n

|<big>{{IPA|ær}}</big>

| align=left|b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɑː}}</big>

| align=left|b'''a'''lm, f'''a'''ther, br'''a'''

|<big>{{IPA|ɑr}}</big>

| align=left|b'''ar''', m'''ar''', p'''ar'''ty, st'''arr'''ing ({{IPA|/ɑːr./}})

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>

| align=left|b'''o'''t, p'''o'''d, J'''oh'''n, d'''o'''ll<ref>/{{IPA|ɒ}}/ is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels|father-bother merger]] such as GenAm.</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|ɒr}}</big>

| align=left|m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age

|-

| <big> {{IPA|ɔː}}

| align=left |b'''aw'''d, c'''augh'''t, d'''aw'''n, b'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''<ref>/{{IPA|ɔː}}/ is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}} (except before {{IPA|/r/}}) in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels|cot-caught merger]] such as some varieties of GenAm.</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|ɔr}}</big>

| align=left|b'''or'''n, f'''or''', '''aur'''al ({{IPA|/ɔːr./}})

|-

|<big>{{IPA|oʊ}}</big>

| align=left|c'''o'''de, b'''oa'''t, g'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''<ref>Commonly transcribed {{IPA|/əʊ/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}.</ref>

|<big> {{IPA|ɔər}}</big>

| align=left|b'''oar''', f'''our''', m'''ore''', '''or'''al ({{IPA|/oʊr./}})<ref>/{{IPA|ɔər}}/ is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r|horse-hoarse merger]], which include most dialects of modern English.</ref>

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ʊ}}</big>

| align=left|g'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''t, p'''u'''ll, S'''u'''nni

|rowspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ʊər}}</big>

|rowspan="2" align=left|b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist ({{IPA|/uːr./}})<ref>/{{IPA|ʊər}}/ is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r|pour-poor merger]], including many younger speakers.</ref>

|-

|<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>

| align=left|f'''oo'''d, l'''u'''te, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, bl'''u'''e

|-

| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|ʌ}}</big>

| rowspan="2" align=left|b'''u'''d, b'''u'''t, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n<ref>This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the {{IPA|ʊ}} vowel: there is no [[Phonological history of English high back vowels|foot-strut split]].</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|ʌr}}</big>

| align=left|h'''urr'''y, M'''urr'''ay

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɜr}}</big>

| align=left|b'''ir'''d, m'''yrrh''', f'''urr'''y (also {{IPA|/ɝː/}})<ref name=rhoticschwa>In some articles these are transcribed {{IPA|/ɝː/}} and {{IPA|/ɚ/}} when not followed by a vowel.</ref>

|-

| <big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>

| align=left|b'''e'''d, p'''e'''t, b'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n

|<big> {{IPA|ɛr}}</big>

| align=left|b'''err'''y, m'''err'''y

|-

|<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>

| align=left|f'''a'''de, f'''a'''te, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''

|<big>{{IPA|ɛər}}</big>

| align=left|b'''ear''', m'''are''', M'''ar'''y ({{IPA|/eɪr./}})

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɪ}}</big>

| align=left|b'''i'''d, p'''i'''t, b'''i'''ll, b'''i'''n

|<big>{{IPA|ɪr}}</big>

| align=left|m'''irr'''or

|-

|<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>

| align=left|b'''ea'''d, p'''ea'''t, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''

| <big>{{IPA|ɪər}}

| align=left | b'''eer''', m'''ere''', s'''er'''ious ({{IPA|/iːr./}})

|-

! colspan="4" | Traditional [[diphthong]]s

|-

|<big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>

| align=left|r'''i'''de, wr'''i'''te, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''

|<big>{{IPA|ɔɪ}}</big>

| align=left|v'''oi'''d, expl'''oi'''t, f'''oi'''l, c'''oi'''n, b'''oy'''

|-

|<big>{{IPA|aʊ}}</big>

| align=left<big>{{IPA|c'''u'''te, h'''ue''', p'''ew''', d'''ew'''juː}}</big><ref>In many dialects, {{IPA|/juː/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/uː/}} after "[[coronal consonant|tongue sounds]]" ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In other dialects, {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''.{{cn}}</ref>

| align=left|'''ou'''t, l'''ou'''d, '''ow'''l, d'''ow'''n, h'''ow'''

|<big>{{IPA|juː}}</big>

| align=left|c'''u'''te, h'''ue''', p'''ew''', d'''ew'''<ref>In many dialects, {{IPA|/juː/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/uː/}} after "[[coronal consonant|tongue sounds]]" ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In other dialects, {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''.{{cn}}</ref>

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! colspan="4" | [[Vowel reduction in English|Reduced vowels]]

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>

| align=left|Ros'''a'''’s, '''a'''&nbsp;mission

|<big>{{IPA|ən}}</big>

| align=left|butt'''on'''

|-

| <big>{{IPA|i}}</big>

| align=left|happ'''y''', ser'''i'''ous<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|/iː/}} in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English high front vowels|happy tensing]], {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|əm}}</big>

| align=left|rhyth'''m'''

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɨ}}</big>, <big>{{IPA|<s>ɪ</s>}}</big>

| align=left|ros'''e'''s, '''e'''mission <ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in Australian and many US dialects, and {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] uses the pseudo-IPA symbol {{IPA|<s>ɪ</s>}} [http://dictionary.oed.com/help/pronunciation-3e.html], and [[Merriam–Webster]] uses {{IPA|ə̇}}.</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|əl}}</big>

| align=left|bott'''le'''

|-

|<big>{{IPA|<s>ʊ</s>}}</big>

| align=left|curric'''u'''lum ({{IPA|[j<s>ʊ</s>]}})<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ]}} in many dialects, {{IPA|[ə]}} in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ʊ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. The [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] uses the pseudo-IPA symbol {{IPA|<s>ʊ</s>}} [http://dictionary.oed.com/help/pronunciation-3e.html].</ref>

|<big>{{IPA|ər}}</big>

| align=left|p'''er'''form, merc'''er''' (also {{IPA|/ɚ/}})<ref name=rhoticschwa/>

|-

|<big>{{IPA|ɵ}}</big>

| align=left|foll'''o'''wing, '''o'''mission<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in many dialects, and {{IPA|[ɵw]}} or {{IPA|[əw]}} before another vowel, as in ''c'''o'''operate.'' Sometimes pronounced as a full {{IPA|/oʊ/}}, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989)</ref>

| colspan=2|

|}