Distributed Proofreaders: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 21:10, 12 mag 2010

Versione delle 23:02, 23 mag 2010

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'''Distributed Proofreaders''' (solitamente abbreviato in '''DP''' o '''PGDP'''), è un progetto con lo scopo di sviluppare [[eBook]] per il [[Project Gutenberg]], permettendo a più persone di lavorare insieme alla correzione degli errori commessi dalle scansioni [[OCR]].

<nowiki>

== Storia ==

{{s|tennisti|biografie}}

{{Sportivo

|nome = {{subst:PAGENAME}}

|nome completo =

|immagine = [[|250px]]

|didascalia =

|sesso = M

|GiornoMeseNascita = 12 aprile

|AnnoNascita = 1986

|luogo nascita = [[]]

|paese nascita = {{ESP}}

|GiornoMeseMorte =

|AnnoMorte =

|luogo morte =

|codicenazione =

|passaporto =

|altezza = 190

|peso = 77

|disciplina = Tennis

|rigavuota =

{{Carriera tennista

| carriera_s =

| titoli_s =

| ranking_s = ° (6 luglio 2009)

| Australian_s = 2R ([[Australian Open 2010 - Singolare maschile|2010]])

| FrenchOpen_s = 1R ([[Open di Francia 2007 - Singolare maschile|2007]])

| Wimbledon_s = 2R ([[Torneo di Wimbledon 2006 - Singolare maschile|2006]])

| USOpen_s = 2R ([[US Open 2007 - Singolare maschile|2007]])

| MastersCup_s =

| WTAChampionships_s =

| Giochiolimpici_s =

| carriera_d =

| titoli_d =

| ranking_d = ° (9 giugno 2008)

| Australian_d = 2R (2009)

| FrenchOpen_d = SF (2008)

| Wimbledon_d = 2R (2007, 2008)

| USOpen_d = 3R (2008)

| MastersCup_d =

| WTAChampionships_d =

| Giochiolimpici_d =

}}

|vittorie =

|aggiornato = [[11 maggio]] [[2010]]

}}

{{Bio

|Nome = Marcel

|Cognome = Granollers

|Sesso = M

|LuogoNascita = Barcellona

|GiornoMeseNascita = 12 aprile

|AnnoNascita = 1986

|LuogoMorte =

|GiornoMeseMorte =

|AnnoMorte =

|Attività = tennista

|Nazionalità = spagnolo

}}

Ha raggiunto il suo più alto ranking nel singolo il , con la esima posizione, mentre nel doppio ha raggiunto il ° posto il .

Distributed Proofreaders è stato fondato da Charles Frank nel 2000 come sito indipendente per aiutare il Project Gutenberg. DP è divenuto sito ufficiale di Project Gutenberg nel 2002.

== Collegamenti esterni ==

*[ {{subst:PAGENAME}}] - [[Association of Tennis Professionals]]

On 8 November 2002, Distributed Proofreaders was [[Slashdot effect|slashdotted]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:Volunteers%27_Voices#Suzanne_Shell|title=Gutenberg:Volunteers' Voices|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boingboing.net/2002/11/12/distributed-proofrea.html|title=Distributed Proofreading's slashdotting|publisher=[[Boingboing]]}}</ref> and more than 4,000 new members joined in one day, causing an influx of new proofreaders and software developers, which helped to greatly increase the quantity and quality of e-text production. Distributed Proofreaders posted their 5,000th text to Project Gutenberg in October 2004, in March 2007, the 10,000th DP-produced e-text was posted to Project Gutenberg and in May 2009, the 15,000th DP-produced e-text was posted to Project Gutenberg. DP-contributed e-texts comprised almost half of works in Project Gutenberg.

{{Portale|biografie|tennis}}

On 31 July, 2006, the Distributed Proofreaders Foundation was formed to provide Distributed Proofreaders with its own legal entity and [[Non-profit organization|not-for-profit]] status. [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] approval of section [[501(c)|501(c)(3)]] status was granted retroactive to 7 April, 2006.

[[en:{{subst:PAGENAME}}]]</nowiki>

== Proofreading process ==

[[Public ___domain]] works, typically books with expired copyright, are scanned by volunteers or culled from digitalization projects, and the images are run through [[optical character recognition]] (OCR) [[software]]. Since OCR software is far from perfect, often a large number of errors appear in the resulting text. To correct them, pages are made available to volunteers via the Internet; the original page image and the recognized text appear side by side. This process thereby distributes the time-consuming error-correction process, akin to [[distributed computing]].

I fosfuri di metallo sono usati come [[rodenticida|rodenticidi]] (ratticidi). Una miscela di cibo e fosfuro di zinco viene lasciata come esca in un luogo ove i roditori possano cibarsene. L'acido dei loro succhi gastrici reagisce con il fosfuro generando un gas tossico, la [[fosfina]]. Questo metodo di controllo dei [[muridi]] è utilizzabile nel caso di roditori immuni alla maggior parte dei veleni comuni. Gli altri rodenticidi simili al fosfuro di zinco sono il fosfuro d'alluminio e il fosfuro di calcio.

Each page is proofread and formatted many times, and then a post-processor combines the pages and prepares the text for uploading to Project Gutenberg.

Il fosfuro di zinco è normalmente aggiunto alle esche per roditori in una percentuale variabile dallo 0.75% al 2%. Le esche hanno un forte odore acre, simile a quello dell'aglio, caratteristico delle fosfine, dimerizzate o sostituite, liberate per idrolisi. Questo odore attira i roditori ma ha un effetto repulsivo su altri animali. Gli uccelli, specialmente i tacchini, non hanno l'odorato sensibile a questo odore. Le esche contengono abbastanza fosfuro di zinco in un cibo sufficientemente attrattivo per poter uccidere i roditori in una volta sola, poiché una dose non letale potrebbe causare una futura avversione al fosfuro di zinco nei roditori sopravvissuti.

Besides custom software created to support the project, DP also runs a forum and a wiki for project coordinators and participants.

Il fdz di tipo rodenticida è normalmente una polvere nera contenente il 75% di Zn3P2 e 25$ di tartrato di potassio e di antimonio, un emetico che provoca il vomito del prodotto se viene accidentalmente ingerito da esseri umani o animali domestici. Rimane però efficace contro ratti, sorci, porcellini d'india, cavie e conigli, privi del riflesso del vomito (cita).

== Related Projects ==

Le sostanze che non devono entrare in contatto con il fdz sono gli acidi, l'acqua, il diossido di carbonio e gli ossidanti forti.

=== DP Europe ===

In January 2004, Distributed Proofreaders Europe started, hosted by [[Project Rastko]]. This site has the ability to process text in [[Unicode]] [[UTF-8]] encoding. Books proofread are centered mainly on European culture, with a large proportion of non-English texts including Hebrew, Arabic, Urdu and many others. {{As of|2007|alt=As of December 2007}}, DP Europe had produced over 480 e-texts.

The original DP is sometimes referred to as "DP International" by members of DP Europe. However, DP servers are located in the [[United States]], and therefore works must be cleared by Project Gutenberg as being in the [[public ___domain]] according to U.S. [[copyright]] law before they can be proofread and eventually published at DP.

==Reazioni==

Il fdz può essere preparato per reazione diretta dello zinco con il fosforo:

=== DP Canada ===

:3 Zn + 2 P → Zn₃P₂

On 1 December 2007, [[Distributed Proofreaders Canada]] launched to support the production of e-books for [[Project Gutenberg Canada]] and take advantage of shorter Canadian [[copyright]] terms. Although it was established by members of the original Distributed Proofreaders site, it is a separate entity. All of its projects are posted to Project Gutenberg Canada, which launched on [[Canada Day]] 2007.

In addition to preserving Canadiana, DP Canada is notable because it is the first major effort to take advantage of Canada's copyright laws which may allow more works to be preserved. Like copyright law in many other countries, Canada has a "life plus 50" copyright term. This means that works by authors who died more than fifty years ago may be preserved in Canada, whereas in other parts of the world those works may not be distributed because they are still copyright.

Il fdz reagisce con l'acqua per formare la fosfina (PH₃) e l'idrossido di zinco (Zn(OH)₂):

Notable authors whose works may be preserved in Canada but not other parts of the world include [[A. A. Milne]], [[Walter de la Mare]], [[Sheila Kaye-Smith]] and [[Amy Carmichael]].

:Zn₃P₂ + 6 H₂O → 2 PH₃ + 3 Zn(OH)₂

== NoteNumero di e-book ==

{| class="wikitable"

|-----

! Numero e-book

! Data

! e-text

! Link al Project Gutenberg

|-----

! 1,000

| 19 febbraio 2002

|

|

|-----

! 2,000th

| 3 Sep 2003

| Hamlet -- the 'Bad Quarto', [[William Shakespeare]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9077 etext 9077]

|-----

! 3,000th

| 14 Jan 2004

| The Anatomy of Melancholy, [[Robert_Burton_(scholar)|Robert Burton]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10800 etext 10800]

|-----

! 4,000th

| 6 Apr 2004

| Aventures du Capitaine Hatteras, [[Jules Verne]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11927 etext 11927]

|-----

! 5,000th

| 24 Aug 2004

| A short biographical dictionary of English literature, John William Cousin

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13240 etext 13240]

|-----

! 6,000th

| 2 Feb 2005

| The Journal of Sir Walter Scott, [[Sir Walter Scott]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14860 etext 14860]

|-----

! 7,000th

| 23 Jun 2005

|

|

|-----

! 8,000th

| 8 Feb 2006

| The Suppression of the African slave-trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870, W. E. B. Dubois

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19179 etext 19179]

|-----

! 9,000th

| 8 Sep 2006

|

|

|-----

! 10,000th

| 9 Mar 2007

|

|

|-----

! 11,000th

| 12 Sep 2007

| Northern Nut Growers Association Thirty-Fourth Annual Report 1943, Northern Nut Growers Association

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22587 etext 22587]

|-----

! 12,000th

| 26 Jan 2008

| Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens, [[ Sigmund Freud]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24429 etext 24429]

|-----

! 13,000th

| 24 Jun 2008

| A world of girls, [[L. T. Meade]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/25870 etext 25870]

|-----

! 14,000th

| 1 Dec 2008

| The Art of Stage Dancing, [[Ned Wayburn]]

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27367 etext 27367]

|-----

! 15,000th

| 12 May 2009

| Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Vol 1 - 1666, Various. [[Henry Oldenburg]] (editor)

| [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/28758 etext 28758]

|-----

|}

=== 10,000th E-book ===

On 9 March 2007, Distributed Proofreaders announced completing more than 10,000 titles. In celebration, a block of 15 titles was published:

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20785 ''Slave Narratives, Oklahoma'' (A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves)] by the U.S. [[Work Projects Administration]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20784 ''Eighth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology''. (1891 N 08 / 1886–1887)] edited by [[John Wesley Powell]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20777 ''R. Caldecott's First Collection of Pictures and Songs''] by [[Randolph Caldecott]] [Illustrator] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20783 ''Como atravessei Àfrica'' (Volume II)] by [[Serpa Pinto]] (Portuguese)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20782 ''Triplanetary''] by [[E. E. Smith|E. E. "Doc" Smith]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20781 ''Heidi''] by [[Johanna Spyri]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20780 ''Heimatlos''] by Johanna Spyri (German)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20779 October 27, 1920 issue] of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20778 ''Sylva, or, A Discourse of Forest-Trees''] by [[John Evelyn]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20776 ''Encyclopedia of Needlework''] by [[Therese de Dillmont]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20775 ''The annals of the Cakchiquels''] by [[Francisco Ernantez Arana]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1582), translated and edited by [[Daniel Garrison Brinton|Daniel G. Brinton]] (1837–1899) (English with Central American Indian)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20774 ''The Shanty Book, Part I, Sailor Shanties'' (1921)] by [[Richard Runciman Terry]] (1864–1938) (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20773 ''Le marchand de Venise''] by [[William Shakespeare]], translated by [[François Guizot]] (French)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20772 ''Agriculture for beginners'', Rev. ed.] by [[Charles William Burkett]] (English)

* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20771 ''Species Plantarum'' (Part 1)] by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (Carl von Linné) (Latin)

==See also==

*[[List of digital library projects]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

* [http://www.etudes-francaises.net/dossiers/gutenberg_eng.htm#languages Dossier at ''Net des études françaises'']

==External links==

* [http://www.pgdp.net/c/ Distributed Proofreaders]

* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dproofreaders Distributed Proofreaders software] at [[SourceForge]]

*Other sites using versions of DP software:

** [http://dp.rastko.net/ Distributed Proofreaders Europe]

** [http://www.pgdpcanada.net Distributed Proofreaders Canada]

** [http://www.marefa.org/dp/ DP Marefa المعرفة المخطوطات]

** [http://www.ebookforge.net/c/ eBookForge.net]

[[Category:Collaborative projects]]

[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]

[[Category:Distributed computing projects]]

[[Category:Human-based computation]]

[[Category:Mass digitization]]

[[Category:Proofreading]]

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