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A '''dual-core''' [[central processing unit|CPU]] combines two independent processors and their respective [[CPU cache|cache]]s and cache controllers onto a single silicon chip, or [[integrated circuit]]. [[IBM]]'s [[POWER4|POWER4]] was the first microprocessor to incorporate 2 cores on a single die. Various dual-core CPUs are being developed by companies such as [[Motorola]], [[Intel]] and [[AMD]], and began to appear in consumer products in [[2005]]. This is an initial step in the development of [[multicore|many core]] computer architectures.
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Another issue that has surfaced in recent business development is the controversy over whether dual core processors should be treated as two separate CPUs for software licensing requirements. Typically enterprise server software is licensed per processor, and some software manufacturers feel that dual core processors, while a single CPU, should be treated as two processors and the customer should be charged for two licenses - one for each core. However, the trend seems to be counting dual-core chips as a single processor as Microsoft, IBM, Intel, and AMD support this view. Oracle counts AMD and Intel dual-core CPUs as a single processor but has other funny numbers for other types. IBM and Microsoft count a multi-chip-module as multiple processors. If multi-chip-modules counted as one processor then CPU makers would have an incentive to make large expensive multi-chip-modules so their customers saved on software licensing. So it seems like the industry is slowly heading towards counting each die as a processor, no matter how many cores each die has. Intel has released Paxville which is really a multi-chip-module but Intel is calling it a dual-core. It is not clear yet how licensing will work for Paxville. This is an unresolved and thorny issue for software companies and customers.
==Notes==▼
# {{note|DSP}} [[Digital signal processor]]s, DSPs, have utilized dual-core architectures for much longer than high-end general purpose processors. A typical example of a DSP-specific implementation would be a combination of a [[RISC]] CPU and a DSP [[MPU]]. This allows for the design of products that require a general purpose processor for user interfaces and a DSP for real-time data processing; this type of design is suited to e.g. [[mobile phone]]s.▼
# {{note|PMTandSMP}} Two types of [[operating system]]s are able to utilize a dual-CPU multiprocessor: partitioned multiprocessing and [[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP). In a partitioned architecture, each CPU boots into separate segments of physical memory and operate independently; in an SMP OS, processors work in a shared space, executing threads within the OS independently.▼
==See also==▼
*[[hyper-threading]]▼
*[[multicore]]▼
*[[multiprocessing]]▼
*[[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP)▼
*[[computer multitasking|multitasking]]▼
*[[parallel computing]]▼
*[[simultaneous multithreading]] (SMT)▼
==External links==▼
* [http://www.mdronline.com/publications/mpw/issues/mpw034.html IBM's Power4 Wins Microprocessor Report Technology Award] – Microprocessor Watch, Issue #34, 27 January 2000▼
* [http://news.com.com/Dual-core+chips+bring+dual+caches/2100-1006_3-5323961.html?tag=nefd.top Dual-core chips bring dual caches] – By Michael Kanellos, CNET News.com, 25 August 2004▼
* [http://www.internetnews.com/ent-news/article.php/3496926 Intel Third in race to Ship Dual Core] – By Michael Singer, internetnews.com, 12 April 2005▼
*[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543_544~97108,00.html AMD Announces World's First 64-Bit, x86 Multi-Core Processors For Servers And Workstations At Second-Anniversary Celebration Of AMD Opteron? Processor]▼
*[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/TechnicalResources/0,,30_182_869_2353,00.html AMD HyperTransport? Technology]▼
*[http://www.intel.com/technology/hyperthread/ Hyper-Threading Technology [[Intel]]]▼
*[http://www.intel.com/products/processor/pentium4htxe/ IntelR PentiumR 4 Processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology]▼
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/15/intel_celeron_core_update/ Intel Celeron to gain improved AMD64 compatibility]▼
*[http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5726935.html Findings of a test carried out by Anandtech showed that dual-core chips produced by AMD and Intel had individual performance merits under different situations of application]▼
*[http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169600319&pgno=1 Dual-core CPUs offer a high level of performance for an economical price]▼
[[Category:Microprocessors]]▼
[[Category:Computer hardware]]▼
[[Category:Digital signal processing]]▼
== The limitations of single-processor architecture==
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* Intel's [[Itanium]] is expected to do so in the middle of [[2006]], with a release codenamed ''[[Montecito (processor)|Montecito]]''; then even more extensively in [[2007]] with a product codenamed ''[[Tukwila (processor)|Tukwila]]''.
▲==Notes==
▲# {{note|DSP}} [[Digital signal processor]]s, DSPs, have utilized dual-core architectures for much longer than high-end general purpose processors. A typical example of a DSP-specific implementation would be a combination of a [[RISC]] CPU and a DSP [[MPU]]. This allows for the design of products that require a general purpose processor for user interfaces and a DSP for real-time data processing; this type of design is suited to e.g. [[mobile phone]]s.
▲# {{note|PMTandSMP}} Two types of [[operating system]]s are able to utilize a dual-CPU multiprocessor: partitioned multiprocessing and [[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP). In a partitioned architecture, each CPU boots into separate segments of physical memory and operate independently; in an SMP OS, processors work in a shared space, executing threads within the OS independently.
▲==See also==
▲*[[hyper-threading]]
▲*[[multicore]]
▲*[[multiprocessing]]
▲*[[symmetric multiprocessing]] (SMP)
* [[Chip-level multiprocessing|CMP]], [[Symmetric multiprocessing|SMP]]
* [[Simultaneous multithreading|SMT]]
▲*[[computer multitasking|multitasking]]
▲*[[parallel computing]]
▲*[[simultaneous multithreading]] (SMT)
▲==External links==
▲* [http://www.mdronline.com/publications/mpw/issues/mpw034.html IBM's Power4 Wins Microprocessor Report Technology Award] – Microprocessor Watch, Issue #34, 27 January 2000
▲* [http://news.com.com/Dual-core+chips+bring+dual+caches/2100-1006_3-5323961.html?tag=nefd.top Dual-core chips bring dual caches] – By Michael Kanellos, CNET News.com, 25 August 2004
▲* [http://www.internetnews.com/ent-news/article.php/3496926 Intel Third in race to Ship Dual Core] – By Michael Singer, internetnews.com, 12 April 2005
▲*[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543_544~97108,00.html AMD Announces World's First 64-Bit, x86 Multi-Core Processors For Servers And Workstations At Second-Anniversary Celebration Of AMD Opteron? Processor]
▲*[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/TechnicalResources/0,,30_182_869_2353,00.html AMD HyperTransport? Technology]
▲*[http://www.intel.com/technology/hyperthread/ Hyper-Threading Technology [[Intel]]]
▲*[http://www.intel.com/products/processor/pentium4htxe/ IntelR PentiumR 4 Processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology]
▲*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/15/intel_celeron_core_update/ Intel Celeron to gain improved AMD64 compatibility]
▲*[http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5726935.html Findings of a test carried out by Anandtech showed that dual-core chips produced by AMD and Intel had individual performance merits under different situations of application]
▲*[http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=169600319&pgno=1 Dual-core CPUs offer a high level of performance for an economical price]
[[Category:Microprocessors]]
▲[[Category:Digital signal processing]]
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[[fr:Multicore]]
[[it:Multi core]]
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