Programmed learning: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:45, 21 November 2009

Revision as of 01:33, 24 December 2009

Line 1:

'''Programmed Learning''' or '''Programmed Instruction''' is a learning methodology or technique first proposed by the [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] [[Burrhus Frederic Skinner|B. F. Skinner]] in 1958.<ref>Becker, Henry Jay (1993) "A model for improving the performance of integrated learning systems" [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ICZQ0mfWq88C&pg=PA13 page 13] ''In'' Bailey, Gerald D. (editor) (1993) ''Computer-based integrated learning systems'' Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 11-31, ISBN 0-87778-256-3</ref> According to Skinner, the purpose of programmed learning is to "manage human learning under controlled conditions".<ref name="Pritchard-24">Pritchard, Alan (2009) ''Ways of learning: learning theories and learning styles in the classroom'' (2^nd edition) David Fulton, London, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PD2YE3FOpXEC&pg=PT24 page 12] ISBN 978-0-415-46608-0</ref> Programmed learning has three elements: (1) it delivers information in small bites, (2) it is self-paced by the learner, and (3) it provides immediate feedback, both positive and negative, to the learner.<ref name="Ravenscroft-134">Ravenscroft, Andrew (2001) "Designing E-learning Interactions in the 21st Century: revisiting and rethinking the role of theory" ''European Journal of Education'' 36(2): pp. 133-156, page 134, doi: 10.1111/1467-3435.00056</ref> It was popular in the late 1960s and through the 1970s, but pedagogical interest was lost in the early 1980s as it was difficult to implement and its limitations were not well understood by practitioners. It was revived in the 1990s in the computerized [[Integrated Learning Systems|Integrated Learning System (ILS)]] approach,<ref name="Pritchard-24"/> primarily in the business and managerial context.<ref>Tyre, Terian (1 April 1990) "Integrated learning systems: extending their reach" ''THE journal : technological horizons in education'' 17: ([http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000113953 excerpt])</ref> Programmed learning remains popular in self-teaching textbooks.

'''Programmed Learning''' is a learning technique first proposed by the [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] [[Burrhus Frederic Skinner|B. F. Skinner]] in 1958. According to Skinner, the purpose of programmed learning is to "manage human learning under controlled conditions". It is similar in some ways to the [[Saxon (teaching method)|Saxon method]] used in some math courses; both methods teach information in small bites rather than trying to tackle an entire subject at once, though programmed learning places less emphasis on repetition than Saxon.

The techniquemethodology involves self-administered and self-paced learning, in which the student is presented with information in small steps calledoften referred to as "frames".<ref name="Pritchard-24"/> Each frame contains a small segment of the information to be learned, and a statement inquestion which the student must fillanswer. a blank section, and afterAfter each frame the student uncovers, theor correctis directed to, additional information based on an incorrect answer, beforeor advancingpositive tofeedback thefor nexta framecorrect answer.

==Examples==

Well-known books using programmed learning include the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]/[[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] text ''The Little Schemer'' by Daniel Friedman and Matthias Felleisen (MIT Press, ISBN 0262560992) and ''[[Bobby Fischer]] Teaches Chess'' (Bantam Books, ISBN 0553263153). Programmed learning is particularly popular in self-teaching textbooks.

Daily Oral Language and the [[Saxon (teaching method)|Saxon method]], a math programme, are specific implementations of programmed instruction which have an emphasis on repetition.<ref>Jones, Susan J. (2003) ''Blueprint for student success: a guide to research-based teaching practices, K-12'' Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, California, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTvgSf2H8GQC&pg=PA105 page 105], ISBN 0-7619-4697-7</ref>

Well-known books using programmed learning include the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]/[[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] text ''The Little Schemer'' by<ref>Friedman, Daniel Friedman and Matthias Felleisen, Matthias (1996) ''The Little Schemer'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, ISBN 0262560992)0-262-56099-2</ref> and ''Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess''<ref>[[Bobby Fischer|Fischer, Bobby]]; Margulies, Stuart and Mosenfelder, Donn (1966) ''Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess'' (Bantam Books, ISBNNew 0553263153).York, ProgrammedISBN learning0-553-26315-3; isand particularlyvarious populareditions in self-teachingsince</ref> textbooks.

==Criticism==

Programmed Instruction has been citicized for its inability to provide adequate feedback on incorrect answers and for its lack of student instigated conceptualization opportunities.<ref name="Ravenscroft-134"/> It works best in basic courses which introduce the vocabulary of a discipline, heavily fact-based courses and rule-based technical courses.

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

Line 10 ⟶ 19:

[[Category:Educational technology]]

[[Category:1958 introductions]]

{{psych-stub}}

[[cs:Programované učení]]