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quantum dynamics (Makri 1987, Miller 2005). In case of field theories the difficulty relates to the oscillatory
nature of the weight function in specific parameter ranges, resulting from strong repulsive forces
between the particles (Baeurle 2004). The sign problem could in principle be solved by the quantum Metropolis algorithm <ref name="quantum Metropolis">{{cite journal |author=K. Temme, T.J. Osborne, K.G. Vollbrecht, D. Poulin, F. Verstraete |title=Quantum Metropolis Sampling |Journal=ArXiv |pages= 0911.3635 |year=2009}} [http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.3635]</ref>running on a [[quantum computer]], but no such machines exist yet.
== Sign problem of statistical field theories ==
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