Utente:Thewikifox/sandbox3: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 21:24, 4 nov 2010

Versione delle 22:06, 5 nov 2010

Riga 76:

Le sue strutture narrative alterano le forme convenzionali del tempo e dello spazio per creare altri mondi di grande contenuto [[simbolo|simbolico]], costruiti a partire da riflessi, inversioni, parallelismi. Gli scritti di Borges prendono spesso la forma di [[ærtificio|artifici]] o di potenti [[metafora|metafore]] con sfondo [[metafisica|metafisico]].

===LaterLa careermaturità===

[[File:Borges 001.JPG|thumb|Borges innel 1976.]]

Borges's father died in 1938, a tragedy for the writer, as father and son were very close. On Christmas Eve that year, Borges suffered a severe head wound; during treatment, he nearly died of [[septicemia]]. While recovering from the accident, Borges began playing with a new style of writing, for which he would become famous. His first story written after his accident, "[[Pierre Menard, Author of The Quixote|Pierre Menard, Author of The ''Quixote'']]" came in May 1939, examining the father-son relationship and the nature of authorship. His first collection of short stories, ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''[[The Garden of Forking Paths]]''), appeared in 1941, composed mostly of works previously published in ''Sur''. <ref Name="LRB"/> The title story concerns a Chinese professor in England, Dr. Yu Tsun, who spies for Germany during World War I, in an attempt to prove to the authorities that an Asian person is able to obtain the information that they seek. A combination of book and maze, it can be read in many ways. Through it, Borges arguably invented the [[hypertext]] novel and went on to describe a theory of the universe based upon the structure of such a novel.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bolter |first1=Jay David |last2=Joyce |first2=Michael |title=Hypertext and Creative Writing |booktitle=Hypertext '87 Papers |year=1987 |publisher=ACM |pages=41–50 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=317431 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moulthrop |first=Stuart |editor1-last=Delany |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Landow |editor2-first=George P. |title=Hypermedia and Literary Studies |chapter=Reading From the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of 'Forking Paths' |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1991 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England }}</ref> Eight stories over sixty pages, the book was generally well received, but ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' failed to garner for him the literary prizes many in his circle expected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/borges-jorge-luis|title=Borges, Jorge Luis (Vol.32)|publisher=enotes|accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>Wardrip-Fruin, Noah & Montfort, Nick (2003). ''The New Media Reader''. MIT Press.</ref> [[Victoria Ocampo]] dedicated a large portion of the July 1941 issue of ''[[Sur (magazine)|Sur]]'' to a "Reparation for Borges." Numerous leading writers and critics from Argentina and throughout the Spanish-speaking world contributed writings to the "reparation" project.

Il padre di Borges morì nel [[1938]], ceco ormai da diversi anni, e questo fu una tragedia per lo scrittore, che aveva un rapporto molto intimo con lui. La [[vigilia di Natale]] di quell'annno subì anche una grave ferita alla testa, per la quale, durante le cure, morì quasi di [[setticemia]]. Durante il suo ricovero, Borges cominciò ad esplorare un nuovo stile di scrittura, per la quale sarebbe poi diventato celebre. La sua prima storia dopo quell'evento, "Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote", arrivò nel [[maggio]] [[1939]]; la sua prima raccolta di brevi racconti, intitolata ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''Il giardino dei sentieri che si biforcano'') uscì nel [[1941]], composta prevalentemente da storie già pubblicate sul ''Sur''<ref>Vedi [[#Gli inizi della carriera|sopra]]</ref><ref Name="LRB"/>. Il racconto che dà il titolo alla raccolta parla di un professore cinese in inghilterra, il Dr. Yu Tsun, che fa la spia per la Germania durante la [[Prima Guerra Mondiale]], tentando di provare alle autorità che un asiatico è in grado di ottenere le informazioni che cercano. Attraverso questo libro, che potrebbe essere interpretato in varie maniere, Borges inventò l'[[Ipertesto#Ipertesto_letterario|ipertesto letterario]]<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bolter |first1=Jay David |last2=Joyce |first2=Michael |title=Hypertext and Creative Writing |booktitle=Hypertext '87 Papers |year=1987 |publisher=ACM |pages=41–50 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=317431 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moulthrop |first=Stuart |editor1-last=Delany |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Landow |editor2-first=George P. |title=Hypermedia and Literary Studies |chapter=Reading From the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of 'Forking Paths' |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1991 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England }}</ref>.

Composto di otto storie in circa sessanta pagine, il libro ebbe un discreto sucesso, ma non riuscì a far avere al suo autore alcun premio, benché molti se lo aspettassero<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/borges-jorge-luis|title=Borges, Jorge Luis (Vol.32)|publisher=enotes|accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>Wardrip-Fruin, Noah & Montfort, Nick (2003). ''The New Media Reader''. MIT Press.</ref>.

Ad esso, comunque, la sua amica [[Victoria Ocampo]] dedicò una buona parte del numero della rivista [[Sur (rivista)|Sur]] nel [[luglio]] [[1941]].

WithAll'età hisdi visioncirca beginningtrent'anni tola fadesua invista hiscominciò earlya thirtiescalare, andcome unableera tosuccesso supportper himselfl'ormai asdefunto apadre writer,e Borges begandovette apresto newridurre careeril assuo alavoro publicdi lecturer.scrittore, e cominciando, invece, a tenere conferenze<ref group='Notes' name='a'>"His was a particular kind of blindness, grown on him gradually since the age of thirty and settled in for good after his fifty-eighth birthday." From [[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>[[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>Woodall, J: ''The Man in Mirror of the Book, A Life of Luis Borges'', (1996) Hodder and Stoughton pxxx.</ref>. BorgesLa becamesua anfama increasinglycrebbe publictanto figure,da obtainingricevere appointmentsle asnomine Presidentdi ofPresidente thedell'''Associazione ArgentineArgentina Societydegli ofScrittori'' Writers,e anddi asprogessore Professordi ofletteratura Englishinglese anded Americanamericana Literatureall'''Associazione atArgentina thedella ArgentineCultura AssociationInglese''. ofIl Englishsuo Culture.breve Hisracconto short story "''Emma Zunz"'' wasfu madetrasformato intoin aun film (undercon theil name oftitolo ''Días de odio'', (''DaysGiorni ofdi Hateodio''), directeddiretto innel [[1954]] bydal theregista Argentine directorargentino [[Leopoldo Torre Nilsson]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046947/|title=Days of Hate|publisher=Imdb|accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>. AroundSempre thisin time,questo periodo Borges alsoiniziò begana writingscrivere screenplayssceneggiature.

Verso la fine degli [[anni '50]] diventò completamente cieco, ma questo non gli impedì di continuare la sua carriera di scrittore.

With his vision beginning to fade in his early thirties and unable to support himself as a writer, Borges began a new career as a public lecturer. <ref group='Notes' name='a'>"His was a particular kind of blindness, grown on him gradually since the age of thirty and settled in for good after his fifty-eighth birthday." From [[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>[[Alberto Manguel|, Alberto Manguel]] (2006) ''With Borges'', London:Telegram Books p 15-16.</ref><ref>Woodall, J: ''The Man in Mirror of the Book, A Life of Luis Borges'', (1996) Hodder and Stoughton pxxx.</ref> Borges became an increasingly public figure, obtaining appointments as President of the Argentine Society of Writers, and as Professor of English and American Literature at the Argentine Association of English Culture. His short story "Emma Zunz" was made into a film (under the name of ''Días de odio'' (''Days of Hate''), directed in 1954 by the Argentine director [[Leopoldo Torre Nilsson]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046947/|title=Days of Hate|publisher=Imdb|accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref> Around this time, Borges also began writing screenplays.

By the late -1950s, he had become completely blind, as had one of his best known predecessors, [[Paul Groussac]], for whom Borges wrote an obituary.<ref Name="LRB"/> Neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer escaped Borges:

{{Col-begin}}

Riga 91 ⟶ 97:

:''me dio a la vez los libros y la noche.''

{{Col-break}}

:Nessuno pianga o rimproveri

:Let neither tear nor reproach besmirch

:questa affermazione della maestosità

:this declaration of the mastery

:di Dio, che con magnifica ironia

:of God who, with magnificent irony,

:mi ha concesso il dono dei libri e della notte.

:granted me both the gift of books and the night.

{{Col-end}}