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|last8=Fineberg|first8=S.
|last9=Frederickson|first9=P.
|last14=Weeratunga|first14=S.▼
|contribution=The NAS Parallel Benchmarks
|contribution-url=http://www.nersc.gov/~simon/Papers/NASA/RNR-94-007.pdf
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|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|year=March 1994
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref> As a result, NPB were developed in 1991<ref name="nas95020">{{Citation
|last1=Bailey|first1=D.
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|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|year=December 1995
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref> and released in 1992<ref name="nas03002">{{Citation
|last1=Wong|first1=P.
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|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|year=January 2003
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref> to address the ensuing lack of benchmarks applicable to highly parallel machines.
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|contribution-url=http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Resources/Software/npb_2.2.pdf
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref><ref name="nas02007">{{Citation
|last1=van der Wijngaart|first1=R.
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|year=October 2002
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref>, came with source code implementations for five out of eight benchmarks defined in NPB 1 to supplement but not replace NPB 1. It extended the benchmarks with an up-to-date problem size ''Class C''. It also amended the rules for submitting benchmarking results. The new rules included explicit requests for output files as well as modified source files and build scripts to ensure public availability of the modifications and reproducibility of the results.<ref name="nas95020"/>
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|year=October 1999
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref>, [[Java (programming language)|Java]]<ref name="nas02009">{{Citation
|last1=Frumkin|first1=M.
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|title=NAS Technical Report NAS-02-009
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref> and [[High Performance Fortran]]<ref name="nas98009">{{Citation
|last1=Frumkin|first1=M.
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|year=September 1998
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref>. These new parallel implementations were derived from the serial codes in NPB 2.3 with additional optimizations.<ref name="npbchanges"/> NPB 3.1 and NPB 3.2 added three more benchmarks<ref name="nas04006">{{Citation
|last1=Feng|first1=H.
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|year=July 2004
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref><ref name="nas04013">{{Citation
|last1=Frumkin|first1=M.
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|year=September 2004
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref>, which, however, were not available across all implementations; NPB 3.3 introduced a ''Class E'' problem size.<ref name="npbchanges"/> Based on the single-zone NPB 3, a set of multi-zone benchmarks taking advantage of the MPI/OpenMP hybrid programming model were released under the name '''NPB-Multi-Zone''' ('''NPB-MZ''') for "testing the effectiveness of multi-level and hybrid parallelization paradigms and tools".<ref name="npbweb"/><ref name="nas03010">{{Citation
|last1=van der Wijngaart|first1=R.
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|year=July 2003
|publisher=NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
|postscript=<!--none-->
}}</ref>
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