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Bootstraps ≠ laces. Link bootstrapping instead, which mentions this story |
Belovedfreak (talk | contribs) m Disambiguate Crossing to Crossing (physics) using popups |
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In the 1960s and '70s, the ever-growing list of [[strong interaction|strongly interacting]] particles — [[meson]]s and [[baryon]]s — made it clear to physicists that none of these particles are elementary. [[Geoffrey Chew]] and others went so far as to question the distinction between [[composite particle|composite]] and [[elementary particle]]s, advocating a "nuclear democracy" in which the idea that some particles were more elementary than others was discarded. Instead, they sought to derive as much information as possible about the strong interaction from plausible assumptions about the [[S-matrix]], which describes what happens when particles of any sort collide, an approach advocated by [[Werner Heisenberg]] two decades earlier.
The reason the program had any hope of success was because of [[Crossing (physics)|crossing]], the principle that the forces between particles are determined by particle exchange. Once the spectrum of particles is known, the force law is known, and this means that the spectrum is constrained to bound states which form through the action of these forces. The simplest way to solve the consistency condition is to postulate a few elementary particles of spin less than or equal to one, and construct the scattering perturbatively through field theory, but this method does not allow for particles of spin greater than 1 and without the then undiscovered phenomenon of [[confinement]], it is naively inconsistent with the observed Regge behavior of hadrons.
Chew and followers believed that it would be possible to use crossing symmetry and [[Regge theory|Regge behavior]] to formulate a consistent S-matrix for infinitely many particle types. The Regge hypothesis would determine the spectrum, crossing and analyticity would determine the scattering amplitude--- the forces, while unitarity would determine the self-consistent quantum corrections in a way analogous to including loops. The only fully successful implementation of the program required another assumption to organize the mathematics of unitarity--- the narrow resonance approximation. This meant that all the hadrons were stable particles in the first approximation, so that scattering and decays could be thought of as a perturbation. This allowed a bootstrap model with infinitely many particle types to be constructed like a field theory--- the lowest order scattering amplitude should show Regge behavior and unitarity would determine the loop corrections order by order. This is how [[Gabriele Veneziano]] and many others, constructed [[string theory]], which remains the only theory constructed from general consistency conditions and mild assumptions on the spectrum.
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