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and N is the number of electrons in the material and A is the area of the material perpendicular to the magnetic field. This parameter is important in the [[quantum Hall effect]] and the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]]. The filling factor is the fraction of occupied [[Landau levels | Landau states]] at the ground state energy.
For cases of interest in the quantum Hall effect \mu is small. In that case the interaction energy is
:<math>
E=
L_B \, e^2 v^2\,
{1\over 2} \left[ 1+ {1\over 8}\mu^2\right]
</math>
==Gravitation==
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