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== '''Vestex''' ==
'''Application of Nanotechnology for Medical Textiles.'''
''' Vestex™''' is an advanced performance [[textile]] manufactured by [['''Vestagen Technical Textiles LLC''']] for healthcare professionals. '''Vestex™''' uses a [[nanoparticle]] [[hydrophobic]] barrier to repel [[blood]] and other [[bodily fluids]] commonly found in the healthcare setting. '''Vestex™''' contains a broad spectrum rapidly active [[EPA]] registered [[antimicrobial]] agent that does not cause or allow the emergence of [[microbial]] adaption or resistance. Vestex™ also contains an absorbing [[hydrophilic]] technology to help regulate body temperature.
==Properties==
'''Vestex™''' textiles use a proprietary blend of three [[patented]] technologies:
'''1.''' '''NanoSphere®([[nano]] [[fluorine]]/[[silicon oxide]])'''
*'''NanoSphere®''', a [[nano]]-[[acrylic]] [[copolymer]] dispersion provides natural self-cleaning effects and extremely high water and dirt repellency. '''NanoSphere®''' mimics nature’s process using [[nanoparticles]] to alter a fiber’s surface. Normally textiles have a smooth surface which provides dirt with a large contact area to which it can easily adhere. '''NanoSphere®''' uses [[fluorine]]/[[silicon oxide]] [[nanoparticles]] to create a structured, "hilly" surface that denies a "foothold" for dirt, oil and fluids of any kind. Soil simply runs off or can easily be rinsed off with a little water.
'''2. SEMELTEC™ (3-(trimethoxysilyl) [[propyl]] [[dimethyl]] octadecyl [[ammonium chloride]])'''
*'''SEMELTEC™''' is the[[silane]]-based [[quaternary]] [[ammonium chloride]] [[antimicrobial]] technology embedded within the''' Vestex™''' textile. It is named in honor of the Father of Infection Control-[[Ignaz Semmelweis]], M.D.. Unlike other antimicrobial materials, Vestagen’s '''SEMELTEC™''' technology has never been shown to cause or allow microbial adaptation or resistance. '''SEMELTEC™''' forms a colorless, odorless, [[positively charged]] [[polymer]] that molecularly bonds to the fabric. '''SEMELTEC™''' binds [[microorganisms]] to its [[cell membrane]] and disrupts the lipo-[[polysaccharide]] structure. Semeltec's 3-trimethoxysilylpropyldimethyloctadecyl [[ammonium chloride]] technology is registered and approved by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], ensuring its safety profile.
'''3.''' '''3X Dry®'''
*'''3X Dry®''' is uniquely composed of both [[hydrophilic]] and [[hydrophobic]] properties. The [[hydrophilic]] properties of this technology allow textiles to wick away moisture from the inside enabling rapid [[evaporation]] of moisture, which stimulates a cooling effect, and creates fabrics that dry at a noticeably faster rate. The [[hydrophobic]] properties on the outside of the technology protect against [[bodily fluids]] and staining as well as resist [[perspiration]] from being transported to the outside of the garment. This technology creates textiles that remain breathable, cool, and dry.
Vestex™ technologies are bluesign® standard-approved; ensuring that they are [[environmentally friendly]], pose no health hazards and conserve resources to the greatest possible extent, without compromising functionality, quality or design. Vestex™ technologies have also earned the Hohenstein Institutes Quality Label, independently guaranteeing true [[nanotechnology]], soil repellency, skin compatibility, abrasion resistance, and wash resistance.
==Application==
''' Vestex®''' [[textile]] technology, has advanced active properties; fluid repellency, rapid [[antimicrobial]] activity and moisture management. It is advanced because it covers, protects and provides a comfortable, safe environment for both patients and health care workers while reducing the [[bacterial]] burden or colony forming units on [[textiles]] worn or used in the medical arena.(46,49,50,50) The data suggests that the [[hydrophobic]] fluid repellency properties of the [[fluorine]]/[[silicon]] [[oxide]]-based [[nanoparticle]] will prevent gross [[contamination]] from [[biological fluids]] and other [[contaminants]] used in the medical setting. Any remaining or residual organisms that adhere to the [[textile]] are then rapidly killed by an ammonia [[chloride]]-based [[antimicrobial]] impregnated into the [[textile]]. The net impact of the technology will lower the risk of [[bacteria]] being acquired, retained and transmitted via [[textiles]] while maintaining the comfort properties required by medical personnel and patients who wear and use the products.
==Importance==
The rates of [[nosocomial infections]], especially by those caused by [[antibiotic resistant bacteria]], are increasing alarmingly across the globe.(1-10) [[Nosocomial infections]] are now also spreading out from the hospital environment into the community.(11,12) It is estimated that by using several strategies about one third of these [[infections]] can be prevented.(10,13) It is widely agreed that [[hand washing]] is the most important method to decrease [[nosocomial infection]] in the hospital setting (14, 15), but, sadly, this [[hygiene]] action is often lacking.(10,16,17) Although more rigorous [[infection control]] measures are being implemented, it is clear that the current modalities to reduce [[nosocomial infections]] are not sufficient.(10,18,19)
Numerous studies indicate that [[bacteria]] can thrive on medical fabrics.(20) Textiles used in the healthcare environment are an excellent substrate for bacterial growth due to the moisture and temperature conditions.(21) Patients shed [[bacteria]] and contaminate their pajamas and sheets and [[healthcare workers]] have been shown to acquire, carry and spread [[pathogens]].(22-29) Medical personnel in direct or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces, including textiles, are a source of transmission of the [[micro-organisms]] to susceptible patients.(25,26,30) Furthermore, it has been reported that bed making in hospitals releases large quantities of [[micro-organisms]] into the air, which contaminate the immediate and non-immediate surroundings.(31) Contaminated [[textiles]] in hospitals and other medical facilities can thus be an important source of infectious microbes contributing to endogenous, indirect-contact, and [[aerosol]] transmission of [[nosocomial]] related [[pathogens]].(32,33) Healthcare fabric, whether it’s uniforms/scrubs, patient gowns and bed linens, furniture or privacy curtains, are proven to carry and retain [[pathogenic organisms]] in the healthcare environment and is becoming a bigger issue in the fight against healthcare-acquired infections.(32,34)
The use of technologically advanced performance [[textiles]], such as Vestex® textile technology, especially in products that are in close contact with patients, [[healthcare workers]] and visitors, can reduce bio-burden in clinical settings and consequently reduce the risk of [[nosocomial infections]].
==References==
# Nguyen QV. Hospital-acquired infections. 2006, http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1619.htm.
# Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards Jr CL, et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep 2007;122:160–6.
# Eric Jozsef. L’Italie scandalis’e par «l’hopital de l’horreur ». Liberation. January 15, 2007.
# Coello R, Charlett A, Wilson J, Ward V, Pearson A, Borriello P. Adverse impact of surgical site infections in English hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2005;60:93–103.
# Joshi R, Reingold AL, Menzies D, Pai M. Tuberculosis among health-care workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2006;3:e494.
# Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat TL, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:100–4.
# Lowy FD. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1265–73.
# Voss A, Milatovic D, Wallrauch-Schwarz C, Rosdahl VT, Braveny I. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13:50–5.
# Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, et al. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in US hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:582–6.
# Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:416–20.
# Olesevich M, Kennedy A. Emergence of community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infections. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:765–8.
# Beumer et al, THE INFECTION POTENTIAL IN THE DOMESTIC SETTING AND THE ROLE OF HYGIENE PRACTICE IN REDUCING INFECTION, International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. August 2002
# Scheckler WE, Brimhall D, Buck AS, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in hospitals: a consensus panel report.
# McGuckin M, Waterman R, Porten L, et al. Patient education model for increasing hand washing compliance. Am J Infect Control 1999;27:309–14.
# Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000;356:1307–12.
# Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:863–93.
# Ayliffe GA, Babb JR, Davies JG, Lilly HA. Hand disinfection: a comparison of various agents in laboratory and ward studies. J Hosp Infect 1988;11:226–43.
# Pratt RJ, Pellowe CM, Wilson JA, et al. Epic2: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2007;65(Suppl 1):S1–S64.
# Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:114–24.
# Pyrek K, Medical Fabrics: A Reservoir of Pathogenic Bacterium? http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/ 12/31/2008
# Borkow G, Gabbay J. Biocidal textiles can help fight nosocomial infections. Medical Hypotheses 2008; 70,990-994
# Beggs CB. The airborne transmission of infection in hospital buildings: fact or fiction? Indoor Built Environ 2003;12:9–18.
# Coronel D, Escarment J, Boiron A, et al. Infection et contamination bacterienne de l’environnement des patients: les draps. Reanimation 2001;10S:43–4.
# CDC. Fact Sheet. 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/Aresist/mrsafaq.htm.
# Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:622–7.
# Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:622–7.
# Takahashi A, Yomoda S, Tanimoto K, Kanda T, Kobayashi I, Ike Y. Streptococcus pyogenes hospital-acquired infection within a dermatological ward. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:135–40.
# Gustafson TL, Kobylik B, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. Protective effect of anticholinergic drugs and psyllium in a nosocomial outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis. J Hosp Infect 1983;4:367–74.
# http://www.outbreak-database.com, 2007.
# Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, et al. Where should one search when confronted with outbreaks of nosocomial infection? Am J Infect Control 2006;34:603–5.
# Solberg CO. A study of carriers of Staphylococcus aureus with special regard to quantitative bacterial estimations. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1965;436:1–96.
# Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:130.
# Borkow G, Gabbay J. Biocidal textiles can help fight nosocomial infections. Medical Hypotheses 2008; 70,990-994
# Pyrek K, Medical Fabrics: A Reservoir of Pathogenic Bacterium? http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/ 12/31/2008
==External Links==
# http://www.bluesign.com/index.php?id=52
# http://www.hohenstein.de/en/index.asp
# http://vestexprotects.com/
# http://vestagen.com/
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