Distributed learning: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:22, 7 September 2010

Revision as of 12:11, 8 September 2010

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{{Merge|Spacing effect|date=September 2009}}

'''Distributed learning''' is defined as opposed to massed learning.<ref name=L&D>{{Citationcite neededpmid|date=August 200918772260}}</ref> Reviews of material withseparated longerby timea elapsedlong betweenperiod theof first and second reviewtime ("spaced") yield more [[learning]] than reviews withseparated lessby timea elapsedshorter betweenperiod theof first and second reviewtime ("massed"); this is referred to ascalled the [[spacing effect]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aft.org/newspubs/periodicals/ae/summer2002/willingham.cfm |title=Allocating Student Study Time: "Massed" versus "Distributed" Practice |author=Daniel T. Willingham |publisher=[[American Federation of Teachers]] |work=American Educator |date=2002 |accessdate=2010-09-08 }}</ref> Review of material increases [[long-term memory]] best when there is more time between introduction and review of material. It has been suggested that it would be better for exams to be taken after a break than before, assuming there was a review before the exams, because of the spacing effect.<ref>{{Citationcite web needed|dateurl=Augusthttp://www.window.state.tx.us/schoolstart2004/taskforce/mtg041215/winterbreak.doc 2009|title=Why Taking Exams after Winter Break is best for Students: What the Experts Say |author=Dr. Bill Cunningham |format=.doc |accessdate=2010-09-08}}</ref>

According to a behavioral study, distributed learning across a 24 hrhour interval does not enhance immediate memory performance but instead slows the rate of [[forgetting]] relative to massed learning. The savings in forgetting were specific to relational memory, but not item, memory.{{Litman<ref name=L& Davachi}}D/>

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== See also ==

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*[[Memory consolidation]]

*[[Spaced learning]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* Dempster, F. (1991). Synthesis of Research on Reviews and Tests. Journal of Educational Leadership. 48(7). pp.&nbsp;71–76.

* Learning – A summary of theories (Why Taking Exams after Winter Break is best for Students: What the Experts Say.)[www.window.state.tx.us/schoolstart2004/taskforce/mtg041215/winterbreak.doc]

* Terry, W. (1983). [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~db=all~content=a923980046~fulltext=713240930 Recognition of sentences from text after massed vs spaced readings] (requires payment). The Journal of General Psychology. 109 pp.&nbsp;67–71.

* Willingham, D. (2002). How we learn. Ask the cognitive scientist: Allocating student study time. “Massed” versus “distributed” practice. American Educator. 26(2) pp.&nbsp;37–39.

* Litman L, Davachi L. Distributed learning enhances relational memory consolidation. Learn Mem. 2008 Aug 26;15(9):711-6. PMID: 18772260. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772260?]

* Dempster, F. (1991). Synthesis of Research on Reviews and Tests. Journal of Educational Leadership. 48(7). pp.&nbsp;71–76.

* Terry, W. (1983). Recognition of sentences from text after massed vs spaced readings. The Journal of General Psychology. 109 pp.&nbsp;67–71.

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