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==Accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft==
===Controls damaged by engine failure===
*[[LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055]], an Ilyushin Il-62M, on 9 May 1987. According to the Polish investigatory commission, the cause of the crash was the disintegration of an engine shaft due to faulty bearings inside engine No. 2, which seized, causing extensive heat. This in turn caused the consequent damage to engine No. 1, [[rapid decompression]] of the fuselage, and a fire in the cargo hold, as well as the loss of elevator controls and progressive electrical failures. Zygmunt Pawlaczyk decided to return to [[Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport|Warsaw Okecie Airport]] using only [[trim tab]]s to control the flight of the aircraft. He lost his struggle to land about 5 km from the runway in the Kabacki Forest. All 172 passengers and 11 crew members perished.<ref>Gero 1997, p. 199.</ref>▼
▲*[[LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055]], an Ilyushin Il-62M, on 9 May 1987. According to the Polish investigatory commission, the cause of the crash was the disintegration of an engine shaft due to faulty bearings inside engine No. 2, which seized, causing extensive heat. This in turn caused the consequent damage to engine No. 1, [[rapid decompression]] of the fuselage, and a fire in the cargo hold, as well as the loss of elevator controls and progressive electrical failures. Zygmunt Pawlaczyk decided to return to [[Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport|Warsaw Okecie Airport]] using only [[trim tab]]s to control the flight of the aircraft. He lost his struggle to land about 5 km from the runway in the Kabacki Forest. All 172 passengers and 11 crew members perished.<ref>Gero 1997, p. 199.</ref>
*[[United Airlines Flight 232]], a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, on 19 July 1989. A fan disk in the No. 2 engine fractured, severing most of the flight controls. [[Dennis E. Fitch|Dennis Fitch]], a [[Deadheading (aviation)|deadheading]] DC-10 instructor who had studied the case of [[Japan Airlines Flight 123|JAL Flight 123]], was able to help the pilots steer the aircraft using throttle differential. Despite the break-up of the aircraft on landing, 175 of 285 passengers and 10 of the 11 crew members survived.<ref>Gero 1997, p. 210.</ref>
===Controls damaged by structural failure===
*[[American Airlines Flight 96]], a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]], on 12 June 1972. The failure of the rear cargo door caused an [[explosive decompression]], which in turn caused the rear main cabin floor to collapse and severed flight controls. The pilots had only limited [[aileron]]s and [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevator]]s; the rudder was jammed. The number two engine also ran down to idle at the time of decompression. The aircraft landed safely at [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit-Metropolitan Airport]].<ref>Gero 1997, p. 125.</ref>▼
▲*[[American Airlines Flight 96]], a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]], on 12 June 1972. The failure of the rear cargo door caused an [[explosive decompression]], which in turn caused the rear main cabin floor to collapse and severed flight controls. The pilots had only limited [[aileron]]s and [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevator]]s; the rudder was jammed. The number two engine also ran down to idle at the time of decompression. The aircraft landed safely at [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit-Metropolitan Airport]].<ref>Gero 1997, p. 125.</ref>
*[[Japan Airlines Flight 123]], a [[Boeing 747]], on 12 August 1985. A faulty repair years earlier had weakened the aircraft's rear pressure bulkhead, which failed in flight. The [[vertical stabilizer]] and much of the aircraft's [[empennage]] was blown off during the decompression. The pilots were able to continue flying the aircraft with limited control, but after 32 minutes the aircraft crashed into a mountain, killing 520 of the 524 people aboard in the deadliest single aircraft disaster in history.<ref>Gero 1997, p. 189.</ref>
*[[Air Transat Flight 961]] on 6 March 2005, catastrophic structural failure: the rudder detached from the aircraft with a loud bang. The pilots regained enough control to land the aircraft safely.<ref>[http://www.bst.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/2005/a05f0047/a05f0047.pdf Flight 961 - Official accident report] www.bst.gc.ca Retrieved: 1 June 2010</ref>
===Controls damaged by explosive device/weapons===
*[[Philippine Airlines Flight 434]], a [[Boeing 747]], on 11 December 1994. The hydraulics were damaged by a bomb in the passenger cabin.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19941210-0 Flight 934 - Aviation Safety Network] aviation-safety.net Retrieved: 1 June 2010.</ref>▼
▲*[[Philippine Airlines Flight 434]], a [[Boeing 747]], on 11 December 1994. The hydraulics were damaged by a bomb in the passenger cabin.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19941210-0 Flight 934 - Aviation Safety Network] aviation-safety.net Retrieved: 1 June 2010.</ref>
*[[DHL shootdown incident in Baghdad]] on 22 November 2003. The [[Airbus A300]] DHL aircraft, hit by a [[surface-to-air missile]], was the first jet airliner to land safely without any hydraulics using only engine controls.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20031122-0 Aviation Safety Network] aviation-safety.net Retrieved: 1 June 2010.</ref>
===Maintenance/pilot error===
*The aircraft designer [[Roy Chadwick]] was killed on 23 August 1947 during a crash on take-off of the prototype [[Avro Tudor|Avro Tudor 2]], ''G-AGSU'', from Woodford airfield. The accident was due to an error in an overnight servicing in which the [[aileron]] control cables were inadvertently crossed.
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