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|nome=Antilope cervicapra<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3|id=14200811}}</ref>
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|genereautore=[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], [[1766]]
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L''''antilope cervicapra''' ('''''Antilope cervicapra''''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]</span>) è una specie di [[antilope]] originaria del [[subcontinente indiano]]. Il suo areale si è ridotto notevolmente nel corso del XX secolo. Dal 2003 la [[IUCN]] la classifica tra le specie ''prossime alla minaccia''<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors=Mallon, D.P. | year=2008 |id=1681 ||taxon=Antilope cervicapra |version=2010.4}}</ref>.
Unica specie del [[Genere (tassonomia)|genere]] '''''Antilope''''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">[[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], [[1766]]</span>, è stata introdotta con successo in [[Texas]] e [[Argentina]]. È uno degli animali terrestri più veloci e può raggiungere una velocità di 80 km/h; inoltre, è una delle poche antilopi in cui maschi e femmine presentano colorazione differente: i maschi, infatti, hanno una caratteristica colorazione bianca e nera e sono dotati di lunghe corna a cavatappi, mentre le femmine, prive di corna, hanno colorazione fulva<ref name=ch>{{cite book |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia (Volume 9) |last=Burton |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Burton |coauthors=Robert Burton |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=0761472665 |page= 226 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=cb7N0CV0JbAC&pg=PA226&dq=Blackbuck&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Blackbuck&f=false}}</ref>. Riguardo al nome scientifico, ''Antilope cervicapra'', è da dire che ''Antilope'' deriva dal greco ''anthalops'', «animale cornuto», e ''cervicapra'' dal latino ''cervus'', «cervo», e ''capra'', «femmina di capra»<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildfacts: Blackbuck- ''Antilope cervicapra'' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/3017.shtml |date=July 2008 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>.
L'antilope cervicapra è uno degli animali più celebri dell'India, Paese in cui è nota, in [[lingua kannada]], come ''Krishna Mriga''. Col nome [[Lingua telegu|telegu]] ''Krishna Jinka'' è stata dichiarata animale simbolo dello Stato dell'[[Andhra Pradesh]]. Tra gli altri nomi locali con cui viene indicata ricordiamo il [[Lingua bengali|bengali]] ''Krishnasar'' e i marathi ''Kala Hiran'', ''Sasin'', ''Iralai Maan'' e ''Kalveet''<ref>{{cite news |title=After Black bucks, leopards to be bred in captivity |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/11/18/stories/2008111850142200.htm |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=Nov 18, 2008 }}</ref>. Talvolta la specie viene chiamata semplicemente antilope indiana, ma questo termine viene utilizzato anche per indicare altri Antilopini della regione.
Le pelli di ''Krishna Mrigam'' occupano un ruolo importante nell'[[induismo]] e tradizionalmente ai giovani [[Brahmano|brahmini]] viene chiesto di indossare una striscia di pelle non lavorata dopo aver ricevuto la corda sacra (''upanayanam'').
==Descrizione==
[[File:blackbucknsm.jpg|thumb|left|Antilopi cervicapra in corsa nel Santuario Naturale di Punta Calimere (Tamil Nadu).]]
[[File:Blackbuck male female.jpg|thumb|right|Maschio e femmine di antilope cervicapra.]]
L'antilope cervicapra misura 100-150 cm di lunghezza (a cui si aggiungono altri 10-17 cm di coda), è alta al garrese 60-85 cm e pesa 25-35 kg<ref>[http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Antilope_cervicapra.html Antilope cervicapra]</ref>.
Le sue caratteristiche corna anellate formano da 1 a 4 spirali, solo raramente di più, e possono misurare fino a 79 cm. Un trofeo di antilope cervicapra viene ritenuto notevole quando supera i 46 cm. Nel maschio la parte superiore del corpo è nera (o più propriamente marrone scuro) e il ventre e gli anelli oculari bianchi. Le femmine, di color marrone chiaro, sono quasi sempre prive di corna. Blackbuck usually roam the plains in herds of 15 to 20 animals with one dominant male.<ref name=ch/>
On the open plain, the Blackbuck is one of the fastest animals and can outrun most predators over long distances. Its chief predator was the now extinct Indian [[Cheetah]]. It is now sometimes preyed upon by wolves, feral dogs, etc.
The diet of the Blackbuck consists mostly of grasses, although it does eat pods, flowers and fruits to supplement its diet. The maximum life span recorded is 16 years and the average is 12 years.
There are four [[subspecies]] or geographic races
* ''Antilope cervicapra cervicapra''
* ''Antilope cervicapra rajputanae''
* ''Antilope cervicapra centralis''
* ''Antilope cervicapra rupicapra''
;Albino Blackbuck
Nelle antilopi cervicapra i casi di [[albinismo]] sono piuttosto rari e sono causati dalla mancanza di [[melanina]]. Gli esemplari albini sono più vulnerabili di quelli con colorazione normale, perché vengono notati con più facilità dai predatori.
==Distribuzione e habitat==
[[File:Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) in Hyderabad, crop.jpg|thumb|Il salto di un'antilope cervicapra a [[Hyderabad]].]]
Originariamente l'antilope cervicapra era diffusa nella maggior parte dell'India (tranne che nelle regioni nord-orientali). Oggi è confinata ad alcune aree di [[Maharashtra]], [[Orissa]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] e [[Karnataka]], mentre nel [[Madhya Pradesh]] sopravvive solo in sparuti gruppetti<ref>{{cite book |title=Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans, Volume 4|last=East |first=Rod |authorlink= |coauthors=D. P. Mallon, Steven Charles Kingswood |year=2001 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |isbn=2831705940 |page=184 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA184&dq=Blackbuck&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Blackbuck&f=false |ref= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gazelles and their relatives: a study in territorial behavior|last=Walther |first=Fritz R. |authorlink= |coauthors=Elizabeth Cary Mungall, Gerald A. Grau |year=1983 |publisher=William Andrew |isbn=0815509286|page=74 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lhjWEX-_GkUC&pg=PA74&dq=Blackbuck&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Blackbuck&f=false |ref= }}</ref>.
In Nepal l'ultima popolazione di questa specie sopravvive nell'Area di Conservazione per l'Antilope Cervicapra, situata a sud del [[Parco nazionale reale di Bardia|Parco Nazionale di Bardia]]. Nel 2008 comprendeva 184 capi<ref>Bhatta, S. R. (2008) [http://www.nepjol.info/nepal/index.php/INIT/article/viewFile/2514/2242 ''People and Blackbuck: Current Management Challenges and Opportunities'']. The Initiation 2(1): 17–21.</ref>.
Its original habitat is open plain and not dense jungle during the early part of the 20th century for the purpose of hunting and breeding. Some of these included Blackbuck, [[Axis Deer]], or [[Chital Deer]] as they are called in India, [[Barasingha]], and [[Nilgai]].
==Threats==
[[File:CheetahHunt.jpg|thumb|Royalty Hunting Blackbuck with [[Asiatic Cheetah]] in South Gujarat, 1812]]
The main threats to the species are: Poaching, Predation, Habitat destruction, Overgrazing, Diseases, Inbreeding and Sanctuary visitors.
Large herds once roamed freely on the plains of North India, where they thrived best, but no longer. During the eighteenth, nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, Blackbuck was the most hunted wild animal all over India. Until India's independence, many [[princely states]] used to hunt this antelope and Indian [[gazelle]], the [[Chinkara]] with specially trained pet [[Asiatic Cheetah]].
The Blackbuck is hunted for its flesh and its skin. Although Indian law strictly prohibits the hunting of these endangered animals, there are still occasional incidents of poaching. The remaining populations are under threat from inbreeding. The natural habitat of the Blackbuck is being encroached upon by man's need for arable land and grazing ground for domesticated cattle. Exposure to domesticated cattle also renders the Blackbuck exposed to bovine diseases.
It used to be one of the most abundant hoofed mammal in the [[Indian subcontinent]], so much so that as late as early 1900s, naturalist [[Richard Lydekker]] mentions herds of hundreds in his writings, though today only small herds are seen that too inside reserves, chief reason of their decline being excessive hunting<ref name=ch/>. Till Indian independence in 1947, many princely states used to hunt the Indian Antelope and gazelle with cheetahs, which became extinct in 1960s. Though the royal sport had ended, growing cultivation saw it as crop-raider, further leading to its decline. Eventually, when in the 1970s several areas reported their extinction, it was enlisted as a protected animal under the[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Black bucks of Abohar|author= R.K. Luna|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020525/windows/main3.htm |publisher=[[The Tribune]] |date=May 25, 2002 }}</ref>.
==Conservation==
Like most wild animals, the Blackbuck is in principle protected in India by the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]].
Its protected status has gained publicity through a widely reported court case in which one of India's leading film stars, [[Salman Khan]], was sentenced to five years imprisonment for killing two black bucks and several endangered [[chinkara]]s. The arrest was prompted by intense protests from the [[Bishnoi]] ethnic group, which holds animals and trees sacred, and on whose land the hunting had taken place.
In another notorious incident of criminal poaching, [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] also killed a Blackbuck -[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqgmjgOE7K8], and then absconded as a fugitive. He finally surrendered only when the case was transferred from the criminal court to a Special Environment court, where he would face lighter sentencing.The Founder Chairman PFA Haryana Naresh Kadyan, whistle blower in this case -[http://nawabpataudi.blogspot.com/] also booked by Jhajjar Police for no reasons but he moved public interest litigation before High Court, Chandigarh and get transferred this case from Jhajjar to Faridabad.
Fortunately, the blackbuck population is stable with 50,000 native individuals, plus an additional 43,000 descended from individuals introduced to [[Texas]] and [[Argentina]]. The species can be seen in zoos.
[[File:Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)- Male & female in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7268.jpg|thumb|Male & female in [[tamil nadu, India]]]]
As a [[near threatened]] mammal, the Blackbuck species are safe in several [[Protected areas of India]], and [[Pakistan]] including:
* [[Abohar#Tourism|Abohar wildlife sanctuary]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]], [[Gujarat ]]
* [[Tal Chhapar Sanctuary]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[Gir Forest National Park]], [[Gujarat]]
* [[Guindy National Park]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Kanha National Park]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Kirthar National Park]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Lal Suhanra National Park]], [[Pakistan]]
* [[Maidenahalli Blackbuck Reserve]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]], [[ Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Pilikula_Nisargadhama#Botanical_Garden.2C_Zoo_.26_Theme_park|Pilikula Biological Park]], [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Ranthambhore National Park]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/Rehakuri.htm Rehakuri Sanctuary], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[KrushnaMruga Abhayaranya]], [[Ranebennur]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Sathyamangalam_Tiger_Reserve_(pro)#Fauna|Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Vallanad Blackbuck Sanctuary]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/06/stories/2011010662670600.htm Steps Taken to Save Blackbucks] the Hindu, Chinnai, 2011-1-6</ref>
==Mitologia==
Secondo la According to the [[Hindu mythology]] Blackbuck or ''Krishna Jinka'' is considered as the vehicle ([[vahana]]) of the Moon-goddess ''[[Anumati|Chandrama]]''.
According to the [[Garuda Purana]] of Hindu Mythology, Krishna Jinka bestows prosperity in the areas where they live.
A blackbuck is featured in the 2010 film ''[[Prince of Persia (film)|Prince of Persia]]''.
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