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of hard particles. As the LSA may need thousands of arithmetic operations even for a few particles,
it is usually carried out on a digital computer.
A
involves a contracting hard boundary of the container,
such as a piston pressing against the particles. The LSA is able to simulate just
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in the setting with periodic
boundary conditions
in a fixed, final virtual volume without hard boundary. ▼
▲the virtual particles are compressed
▲virtual volume without hard boundary.
The absolute sizes of the particles are increasing but particle-to-particle relative sizes remain constant.
Both,
As a result, in a final, compressed, or "jammed" state,▼
an external compression and
an internal particle expansion,
can also occur simultaneously in the LSA.
some particles, the so-called "rattlers," turn out not to be jammed. Rattlers are mobile
within "cages" formed by their immobile, jammed neighbors
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