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<ref> Crystalline-Amorphous Interface Packings for Disks and Spheres, F. H. Stillinger and B. D. Lubachevsky, J. Stat. Phys. 73, 497-514 (1993)</ref> .
However,
the LSA was
introduced <ref> B. D. Lubachevsky and F. H. Stillinger, Geometric properties of random disk pack- ings, J. Statistical Physics 60 (1990), 561-583 </ref>
<ref> B.D. Lubachevsky, How to Simulate Billiards and Similar Systems,
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in the setting with periodic
boundary conditions
where the virtual particles
in a fixed, final virtual volume without hard boundary.
The absolute sizes of the particles
Both,
an external compression and
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can also occur simultaneously in the LSA.
In a final, compressed, or "jammed" state,
some particles, the so-called "rattlers,"
within "cages" formed by their immobile, jammed neighbors
and the boundary, if any.
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