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The term '''discrete element method''' (DEM) is a family of [[numerical analysis|numerical]] methods for computing the motion of a large number of particles like molecules or grains of sand. The method was originally applied in rock mechanics and is described in detail in the book '''Numerical Modeling in Rock Mechanics''', by Pande, G., Beer, G. and Williams, J.R.. Good sources detailing research in the area are to be found in the 1st and 2nd International Conference on Discrete Element Methods. Journal articles reviewing the state of the art have been published by Williams, and by Bicanic. The method is sometimes called ''[[molecular dynamics]]'' (MD), even when the particles are not molecules. However, in contrast to molecular dynamics the method can be used to model particles with non spherical shape. Two prominent members of the DEM family are the [[distinct element method]] proposed by [[Peter A. Cundall | Cundall]] in [[1971]], and the [[discontinuous deformation analysis]] (DDA) proposed by [[Gen-hua Shi | Shi]] in [[1988]].
Discrete element methods are processor intensive and this limits either the length of a simulation or the number of particles. Advances in the software are beginning to take advantage of parallel processing capabilities (shared or distributed systems) to scale up the number of particles or length of the simulation. An alternative to treating all particles separately is to treat the material as a continuum and use [[computational fluid dynamics]].
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* Shi, G, Discontinuous deformation analysis - A new numerical model for the statics and dynamics of deformable block structures, 16pp. In ''1st U.S. Conf. on Discrete Element Methods'', Golden. CSM Press: Golden, CO, 1989.
* Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, T. and Tsuji, Y., [http://www-mupf.mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/paper_pdf/PT98,v96,129 "Numerical simulation of two-dimensional fluidized beds using the discrete element method (comparison between the two- and three-dimensional models)], ''Powder Technology,'' '''96'''(2):129–138, 1998.
* Pande, G., Beer, G. and Williams, J.R., ''Numerical Modeling in Rock Mechanics'', John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
* 2nd International Conference on Discrete Element Methods, Editors Williams, J.R. and Mustoe, G.G.W., IESL Press, 1992 ISBN 0-918062-88-8
* Williams, J.R. and O’Connor, R., ''Discrete Element Simulation and the Contact Problem,'' Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, Vol. 6, 4, 279-304, 1999
==Software==
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