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|title= A method for effectively comparing gene effects in multiple conditions in RNAi and expression-profiling research
|journal=Pharmacogenomics |volume=10 |issue= |pages=345–58
|year=2009 |month= |pmid= |doi=10.2217/14622416.10.3.345 |url=}}</ref>. Each variable may represent random values in one of multiple groups involved in a comparison. Associated with a contrast variable are two terms: the standardized mean of contrast variable ([[SMCV]]) and [[c+-probability|c<sup>+</sup>-probability]]. The SMCV is the ratio of [[mean]] to [[standard deviation]] of a contrast variable and the c<sup>+</sup>-probability is the probability that a contrast variable obtains a positive value.
Traditional [[contrast]] is a statistical parameter defined only on the group [[mean]]s. A contrast variable allows us to consider not only group [[mean]]s but also group [[variance]]s in a comparison. In addition, the concept of contrast variable can help to derive the [[effect size]]s across any number of groups readily and smoothly.<ref name=ZhangJBiometBiostat2010>{{cite journal |author=Zhang XHD
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|journal=Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics |volume=1 |issue= |pages=108
|year=2010 |month= |pmid= |doi= doi:10.4172/2155-6180.1000108
|url= http://www.omicsonline.org/2155-6180/2155-6180-1-108.php}}</ref> The concepts of contrast variable, [[SMCV]] and [[c+-probability|c<sup>+</sup>-probability]] were recently proposed for one-way [[ANOVA]] cases <ref name="ZhangPharmacogenomics2009"/> and were then extended to multi-factor [[ANOVA]] cases <ref name=ZhangPharmacogenomics2010>{{cite journal |author=Zhang XHD
|title= Assessing the size of gene or RNAi effects in multifactor high-throughput experiments
|journal=Pharmacogenomics |volume=11 |issue= |pages=199–213
|year=2010 |month= |pmid= |doi=10.2217/PGS.09.136 |url=}}</ref>
<ref name="ZhangJBiometBiostat2010"/>
. When there are only two groups involved in a comparison, SMCV becomes [[SSMD]]. The contrast variable, [[SMCV]] and [[c+-probability|c<sup>+</sup>-probability]] are critical for deriving statistical methods for assessing the size of [[siRNA]] effects in genome-scale RNAi screens.<ref name=ZhangBook2011>{{cite book
|author= Zhang XHD
|year=2011
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* [[SSMD]]
* [[SMCV]]
* [[c+-probability|c<sup>+</sup>-probability]]
* [[Contrast (statistics)]]
* [[Dual-flashlight plot]]
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