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{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}Downstream processing refers to the isolation, purification and stabilisation of the bioproducts from natural sources or industrial bioprocess intended for specific use , generally in marketable quantity, including utilization treatment and disposal of wastes (Nooralabettu, 2010). '''Downstream processing''' refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or [[Fermentation (food)|fermentation]] broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste. It is an essential step in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, hormones (e.g. insulin and human growth hormone), antibodies (e.g. infliximab and abciximab) and vaccines; antibodies and enzymes used in diagnostics; industrial enzymes; and natural fragrance and flavor compounds. Downstream processing is usually considered a specialized field in [[biochemical engineering]], itself a specialization within [[chemical engineering]], though many of the key technologies were developed by chemists and biologists for laboratory-scale separation of biological products.
Downstream processing and analytical bioseparation both refer to the separation or purification of biological products, but at different scales of operation and for different purposes. Downstream processing implies manufacture of a purified product fit for a specific use, generally in marketable quantities, while analytical bioseparation refers to purification for the sole purpose of measuring a component or components of a mixture, and may deal with sample sizes as small as a single cell.
== Stages in Downstream Processing ==
A widely recognized heuristic for categorizing downstream processing operations divides them into four groups which are applied in order to bring a product from its natural state as a component of a tissue, cell or fermentation broth through progressive improvements in purity and concentration. Choice of starting material for isolation and purification through these stages depends on factors such as abundance, availability, advantages and ___location (Nooralabettu, 2011).
'''R'''emoval of insolubles''' is the first step and involves the capture of the product as a solute in a particulate-free liquid, for example the separation of [[cell (biology)|cells]], cell debris or other particulate ma'''tter from fermentation broth containing an antibiotic. Typical operations to achieve this are [[filtration]], [[centrifugation]], [[sedimentation]], [[flocculation]], electro-precipitation, and gravity settling. Additional operations such as grinding, homogenization, or leaching, required to recover products from solid sources such as plant and animal tissues, are usually included in this group.
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==References==
*{{cite book |first=Krishna Prasad |last=Nooralabettu |title=Downstream Processing-A New Horizone in Biotechnology |publisher=Prentice Hall India Learning, New Delhi |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-203-4040-4}}
*{{cite book |first=Krishna Prasad |last=Nooralabettu |title=Enzyme Technology-A Pace Maker of Biotechnology |publisher=Prentice Hall India Learning, New Delhi |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-203-4239-2}}
*{{cite book |first=Michael R. |last=Ladisch |title=Bioseparations Engineering: Principles, Practice, and Economics |publisher=Wiley |year=2001 |isbn=0-471-24476-7}}
*{{cite book |first=Roger G. |last=Harrison |coauthors=Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge and Demetri Petrides |title=Bioseparations science and engineering |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-512340-9}}
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