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Spirometry is a safe procedure however there is cause for concern regarding untoward reactions. The value of the test data should be weighed against potential hazards. Some complications have been reported such as; [[pneumothorax]], increased intracranial pressure, syncope, chest pain, paroxysmal coughing, [[nosocomial infection]]s, oxygen desaturation, and [[bronchospasm]].
==Measurements==
{{Main|Lung volumes}}
There are four lung volumes and four lung capacities. A lung capacity consists of two or more lung volumes. The lung volumes are [[tidal volume]] (V<sub>T</sub>), [[inspiratory reserve volume]] (IRV), [[expiratory reserve volume]] (ERV), and [[residual volume]] (RV). The four lung capacities are [[total lung capacity]] (TLC), [[inspiratory capacity]] (IC), [[functional residual capacity]] (FRC) and the [[vital capacity]] (VC).
===Maximal respiratory pressures===
Measurement of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures is indicated whenever there is an unexplained decrease in vital capacity or respiratory muscle weakness is suspected clinically. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is the maximal pressure that can be produced by the patient trying to inhale through a blocked mouthpiece. Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) is the maximal pressure measured during forced expiration (with cheeks bulging) through a blocked mouthpiece after a full inhalation. Repeated measurements of MIP and MEP are useful in following the course of patients with [[neuromuscular]] disorders.
===Diffusing capacity===
Measurement of the single-breath diffusing capacity for [[carbon monoxide]] (DLCO) is a fast and safe tool in the evaluation of both restrictive and [[obstructive lung disease]].
===Oxygen desaturation during exercise===
The '''six-minute walk test''' is a good index of physical function and therapeutic response in patients with [[chronic lung disease]], such as COPD or [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]<ref name="pmid12890299">{{cite journal| author=Enright PL| title=The six-minute walk test. | journal=Respir Care | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 8 | pages= 783-5 | pmid=12890299 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid19996335">{{cite journal| author=Swigris JJ, Wamboldt FS, Behr J, du Bois RM, King TE, Raghu G et al.| title=The 6 minute walk in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: longitudinal changes and minimum important difference. | journal=Thorax | year= 2010 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 173-7 | pmid=19996335 | doi=10.1136/thx.2009.113498 | pmc=PMC3144486 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19996335 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12091180">{{cite journal| author=ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories| title=ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2002 | volume= 166 | issue= 1 | pages= 111-7 | pmid=12091180 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
===Arterial blood gases===
[[Arterial blood gas]]es (ABGs) are a helpful measurement in pulmonary function testing in selected patients. The primary role of measuring ABGs in individuals that are healthy and stable is to confirm hypoventilation when it is suspected on the basis of medical history, such as respiratory muscle weakness or advanced [[COPD]].
An elevated serum bicarbonate level, or chronic hypoxemia. ABGs also provide a more detailed assessment of the severity of hypoxemia in patients who have low normal oxyhemoglobin saturation.
==Helium Dilution==
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