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==Specific Results==
===Role of Semantics in Encoding Specificity===
Hannon and Craik of University of Toronto explored the role of semantics in episodic memory for word lists. They knew, from previous studies, that a semantically related cue should be effective in retrieving a word provided the semantic cue was encoded along with the target word. If the semantically related word was not present at the time of encoding, it will not be efficient at cuing recall for the target word. The encoding specificity paradigm that Hannon and Craik used followed Thomson and Tulving’s model: an encoding phase, a generation phase, a recognition phase for words previously generated, and a cued recall phase. In the encoding phase, weakly associated word pairs were presented (whisky-WATER) and participants were instructed to learn the capitalized words, noting that the preceding word may help with later memory retrieval. This biases the capitalized word toward a specific meaning. In this case, WATER would be thought of as a drink, rather than a lake or ocean for example. In the generation phase, words such as lake were presented. This word emphasizes water as something you swim in rather than drink. Participants were told to generate four related words (water, swim, cup, blue for example) related to lake. During the recognition test, participants were told to identify, from their generated list, the word that was originally capitalized during the encoding phase. Lastly, participants participated in a cued recall task where they were presented with the original cue (whisky). A strong superiority of cued recall over recognition was observed because pairs like whisky-WATER were encoded in a way that made whisky an effective cue but lake fairly ineffective. Hannon and Craik reconstructed this experiment and found results that match Thomson and Tulvings: semantics do not always play a role in encoding specificity; memory, rather, depends upon the context at encoding and retrieval.
===Encoding Specificity and the Immediate Environment===
Multiple studies have shown a dependence on context of one's environment as an aid to recall specific items and events.
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