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==Initial Findings==
===Two-Phase Prompted Recall===
The most prominent method for testing and proving the encoding specificity principle was created by a researcher named Harry P. Bahrick from Ohio Wesleyan University. The study dealt with the proposal of a system called the Two-Phase Model for Prompted Recall. In the model, Bahrick presented empirical data relating the benefits of using word-pair associations rather than free recall, in which a participant has no context with which to recall a target word. The study measured the increased ability to recall target words when presented with a cue word presented both at encoding as well as recall phases of memory. Bahrick found that prompting a target word with the paired word that is associated with the target was more easily recalled. The study proved that both episodic and semantic modes of encoding were effective. Episodic memory was beneficial due to the participant being able to not only recall the paired target word more effectively, but also recognize it more accurately. By testing the effectiveness of different semantically related cue words, Bahrick also proved that a semantic component aided recall. Both of these modes of encoding are more likely to help a participant recall a target word, and replaced free recall as the most prominent method of association testing.
The table below demonstrates the increasing relatedness of cue words and the increased accuracy of recall of the given words.
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|+ Paired-associate list and four types of prompters
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