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=====Coding the data and Error-correcting codes=====
{{Main|Code|Character encoding|Error detection and correction|Cyclic redundancy check}}
*Data is [[Encoding|encoded]] by assigning a bit pattern to each language [[alphabet]] character, [[Numerical digit|digit]], other numerical patterns, and [[multimedia]] object. Many standards exist for encoding (e.g., [[ASCII]], [[JPEG]], [[MPEG-4]]).
*By adding bits to each encoded unit, the redundancy allows both to detect errors in coded data and to correct them based on mathematical algorithms. Errors occur regularly in low probabilities due to [[random]] bit value flipping, or "physical bit fatigue," loss of the physical bit in storage its ability to maintain distinguishable value (0 or 1), or due to errors in inter or intra-computer communication. A random bit flip (e.g., due to random [[radiation]]) is typically corrected upon detection. A bit, or a group of malfunctioning physical bits (not always the specific defective bit is known; group definition depends on specific storage device) is typically automatically fenced-out, taken out of use by the device, and replaced with another functioning equivalent group in the device, where the corrected bit values are restored (if possible). The [[Cyclic redundancy check]] (CRC) method is typically used in storage for error detection.
