In literary and fiction theory, the concept of '''modal operators''' has been investigatedexplored by [[Lubomir Dolezel]] in ''Heterocosmica'' (1998), a book that articulates a complete theory of literary fiction based on the idea of [[possible worlds]]. Dolezel works with the concept of modalities that play the crucial role in ''formative operation'', i.e. in shaping narrative worlds into orders that have the potential to produce stories. Based on the theories of [[modal logic]], Dolezel introduces a set of modal systems that are appropriated for fictional [[semantics]], expanding on the table used by [[Georg Henrik von Wright]] (1968).
==Modality interpreted==
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===Epistemic===
[[Epistemic]] modal operators (K-operators) reflect the level of knowledge, ignorance and belief in the [[fictional world]]. The epistemic imbalance in the fictional world of a story produces a “mystery story,” which is usually the basic model of [[detective fiction]]. Epistemic code can also be perceived at the core of the [[Bildungsroman]], where the protagonist undergoes a transformation from ignorance (of self) to knowledge (of self)[http://www.inspiritive.com.au/article_Andreas_modal.htm]. An example of such transformation in German literature would be [[J.W. Goethe]]’s ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'' (1795).
