* [[Primacy effect]] and [[Recency effect]] for accuracy of recall are found for both visual stimuli <ref name=Parmentier /> and auditory stimuli <ref name=Avons />
*In Theorizedserial duememory toprocessing, the[[Primacy effect]] and [[Recency effect]] effects for accuracy of recall are commonly found. These effects are found for both visual and auditory stimuli in memory tasks. <ref name=Parmentier /> These effects may exist beliefif thatrecall errors are due to serial position. There are more nearby serial positions to the middle itemitems in a set, asand opposedtherefore tomore opportunities for mix-up. On the firstother andhand, lastthere itemsare invery afew set.serial Thepositions nearby to the first and last itemsposition, areand therefore these positions may be remembered more accurately. becauseThe theirfirst areand last position may be less error-prone positions and more easily recalled. <ref name=Naire />
*The Suffixsuffix effect, is an effect that removes the recency effect, simply by adding in a meaningless item at the end of athe original memory set. However, the suffix effect varies based on the similarity of the item to the set. For visual stimuli, adding ain the meaningless item, whether or not it is visually similar to the original memory set, will remove the recency effect. For auditory stimuli, only adding ain the meaningless item thatwill is phonologically similar works toonly remove the recency effect if it is phonologically similar. ThoseAdding an item that areis phonologically different (e.g. A, Q) will not have this effect. <ref name=ParmienterrParmentierr />
;Stimuli grouping effects
* Spatial Grouping refers to items in the memory set being grouped spatially (e.g. item's 1,2,3 are in the top right corner and item's 4,5,6 are in the bottom left corner). The longer the spatial pathway from item to item, the slower the recall and lower the accuracy. Item's that have a small spatial pathway between them are remembered better and recalled faster <ref name=Parmentier />
