*One popular model that has been used to organize serial memory processing, is the [[ACT-R]]. ACT-R model is Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational. This modelcognitive helparchitecture has been used to help hierarchically organize serial memory. In thisThis model separates [[declarative memory]] and [[procedural memory| production memory]] into separate functions. During serial memory processing, declarative memory works to encode the positionphysical positions of the items whilein the original memory set. As well, the production memory works to help organize the later recall of the items in the memory set. ThisThe ACT-R is a limited-capacity model,wheremeaning that there is a limited amount of activation available to use for processing. This theorizeslimited-capacity thathelps longerto explain the linear relationship between time of recall and size of memory setsset. leadAccording to the ACT-R, the longer the original memory set, the longer the recall because the amount of activation available activation is being divided amongamongst more items now. The<ref name=Anderson /> More evidence exists for the ACT-R modeling serial memory processing. It has been found that the ACT-R models the serial position error <ref name=Naire /> nearly perfectly. It produces the same primacy and recency effects found in earlier studies. <ref name=Anderson /> As well, the independentACT-R has been found to model acoustic errors <ref name=Bjork /> nearnearly perfectly. It demonstrates the same findings of phonologically similar and different items found in earlier studies. <ref name=Anderson />
* Sternberg's (1969) model of item recognition. In this model, item recognition follows several steps. First the test stimulus is presented and then the stimulus is encoded. Next, serial comparisons are completed (these are affected by the size of the memory set) and a binary decision is made on each comparison (e.g. positive, negative). Finally, a response is organized and expressed. <ref name = Sternbergg />.
* Stimuli confusability can affect item recognition. Auditory confusability in the memory set increased encoding time and visual confusability in memory set increased comparison time <ref name=Connor />.
