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There are different techniques for constructing process models. “Construction techniques used in the [[Information Systems]] area have developed independently of those in [[Software Engineering]]. In information systems, construction techniques exploit the notion of a meta-model and the two principal techniques used are those of ''instantiation'' and ''assembly''. In software engineering the main construction technique used today is language-based. However, early techniques in both, information systems and software engineering were based on the experience of process engineers and were, therefore, ''ad-hoc'' in nature.” <ref name="Rolland 1998" />
“Traditional process models are expressions of the experiences of their developers. Since this experience is not formalised and is, consequently, not available as a fund of knowledge, it can be said that these process models are the result of an ad-hoc construction technique. This has two major consequences: it is not possible to know how these process models were generated, and they become dependent on the ___domain of experience. If process models are to be ___domain independent and if they are to be rapidly generable and modifiable, then we need to go away from experience based process model construction. Clearly, generation and modifiability relate to the process management policy adopted (see Usage World). Instantiation and assembly, by promoting modularization, facilitate the capitalisation of good practice and the improvement of given process models.” <ref name="Rolland 1998" />
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