'''Buildings and structures in Sheffield''' have been constructed over a time-span ranging from the 13th century to the present day. However, theThe majority of [[Sheffield]]'s older buildings were built during the [[Industrial Revolution]], with a large number of Sheffield's medieval buildings demolished in the 19th century; some older buildings were also lost during the [[Sheffield Blitz]]. Sheffield can only lay claim to five Grade I [[listed buildings]], two of which are in the city centre. ▼{{Copy edit|date=March 2011}}
▲'''Buildings and structures in Sheffield''' have been constructed over a time-span ranging from the 13th century to the present day. However, the majority of [[Sheffield]]'s older buildings were built during the [[Industrial Revolution]], with a large number of Sheffield's medieval buildings demolished in the 19th century; some older buildings were also lost during the [[Sheffield Blitz]]. Sheffield can only lay claim to five Grade I [[listed buildings]], two of which are in the city centre.
The oldest structure is [[Beauchief Abbey]], which is now a [[ruin]] and dates back to the 12th century, whilstand theis now a [[ruin]]. The oldest ''complete'' structure is [[Sheffield Cathedral]], parts of which date back to the 13th century. In relation to height, the {{convert|78-meter|m|adj=on}} [[Arts Tower]] was the tallest completed building in Sheffield until the St Pauls tower (City Lofts) project was completed in 2011.
==History==
===Pre-19th century===
At the time of the [[Norman Conquest]] Sheffield was a small [[hamlet]]. It was dominated by a wooden [[long house]] occupied by the [[Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton|Lord of Hallam]], which then subsequentlylater became the site forof the two [[Sheffield Castle|castles]].
The [[Domesday Book]], which William the Conqueror ordered to be written so that the value of the townships and manors of England could be assessed, mentions :-
:'''''LANDS OF ROGER DE BUSLI'''''
:''In Hallam, one manor with its sixteen hamlets, there are twenty-nine carucates [~14 km<sup>2</sup>] to be taxed. There Earl Waltheof had an "Aula" [hall or court]. ...
In the 12th century a wooden motte-and-bailey castle became the replacement and Beauchief Abbey was built 4four miles south-west of what was then a well-established town. In the 12th century a wooden [[motte-and-bailey castle]] was built. When this castle was destroyed in the year 1260, it was replaced with a stone castle, which would stand until the [[English Civil War]].
In November 2005, the [[University of Sheffield]]'s archaeological consultant, ARCUS, unearthed a [[Medieval]] well over three metres deep in the [[sandstone]] bedrock beneath Carmel House on Fargate.<ref name="Media Centre">{{cite web|title=City centre dig unearths secrets of medieval Sheffield|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/mediacentre/2005/485.html|work=University of Sheffield|accessdate=27 December 2011}}</ref> The Sheffield city centre site was being excavated as part of a redevelopment project. Pottery found in the well suggests that it was in use by 1300 AD, and had been filled in around the time of the [[English Civil War]]. The uncovered number of Medievalmedieval pots included jugs made in the Hallgate area of neighbouring [[Doncaster]] and other items from the [[Humber Estuary]].
This discovery has been shown to offeroffers significant evidence relating to the Medieval town of Sheffield, then still a small market town, before its growth during the subsequent Industrial Revolution. Dating of the well indicates that it was probably dug around the time of the stone reconstruction of [[Sheffield Castle]] in 1270 and the granting of Sheffield's Market Charter by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] in 1296.
Due to the conditions in the well, animal bones, and plant remains (possibly including microscopic pollen grains) have been preserved and will be analysed the University's Department of Archaeology laboratories.
Sheffield's second parish church was built in 1280, replacing the previous 11th -century structure. This was replaced in 1430 with the core of the current structure. [[Lady's Bridge]], the oldest in the city, was built in 1485. The oldest domestic buildings were built at the turn of the 16th century. [[Old Queen's Head]] pub (was built in 1495), [[Broom Hall]] (in 1498), and [[Bishops' House]] (caround 1500).
[[Sheffield Manor]] was built in 1510 as an alternative residence for the [[Earl of Shrewsbury]]. The manor was to later become famous when [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was imprisoned there. Sheffield Castle was largely destroyed during the civil war. The manor was also largely demolished in 1706.
===Industrial Revolution===
===20th century===
ThereMany wereresidential manybuildings residential buildingwere constructed at the turn of the 20th century, which leadled to the annexing of large parts of the current city. However, thisThis was followed by a slump, and by 1917 house building had ceased altogether. BuildingConstruction of the [[Sheffield City Hall|city hall]] started in 1920.
The years following the [[Second World War]] saw one of the most intense periods of building in the city's history, referred to as the [[Slumslum Clearancesclearance]]s. Slum housing was replaced with a number of large tower blocks, many of which have since been demolished and replaced with housing once more.
==Current developments==
The £130 million Heart of the City scheme is centred around the ___location of the former town hall extension. It includes a hotel, offices, the [[Sheffield Winter Gardens|Winter Gardens]], [[Millennium Galleries]], and [[Millennium Square (Sheffield)|Millennium Square]]. The 101m{{convert|101|m|adj=on}} St Paul's Tower, which(built is under construction (2007–2009), will becomeis Sheffield's tallest building.
The £50 million [[Sheffield Midland Station|Sheffield Station Gateway]] scheme has seen improvements in station facilities and the creation of a public space outside, with a large sculpture called Cutting Edge. Other improvements leading up to the Peace Gardens will create a pedestrian link to the city centre.
==Future developments==
The largest scheme due to start is the [[New Retail Quarter]], that was meant to startingstart in 2007. The £600 million scheme will create new retail units and pedestrianise the area between [[Pinstone Street]], [[Leopold Square]], [[Charter Square]], and the [[Devonshire Quarter]]. Charter Square will also be pedestrianised. The £315 million [[West Bar scheme]] includes new university buildings, a boutique hotel, and residential and commercial developments. The fundingFunding was not secured until 2011, whenby which time the work was meantoriginally scheduled to be finishedcompleted. by,The but now itproject is readynow tounderway, beginrenamed as the [[Sevenstone]] Project.
==References==
{{reflist}}
*J. Edward Vickers, 1987, ''A Popular History of Sheffield'', The Amethyst Press, ISBN 0-906787-04-1
*Mary Walton, 1984, ''Sheffield its Story and its Achievements'', Applebaum Bookshop Ltd., ISBN 0-904293-19-X
==See also==
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