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| title=Computer Simulation of Liquids
| publisher=Claredon Press Oxford
| year=1990}}</ref>) by additional properties such as the [[thermodynamic]] state, [[Stress (mechanical)|stress]]/[[strain]] or [[electro-magnetic]] field for each particle. Contrary to a [[continuum mechanics]] concept, the XDEM aims at resolving the particulate phase with its various processes attached to the particles. While the discrete element method predicts position and orientation in space and time for each particle, the extended discrete element method additionally estimates properties such as internal [[temperature]] and/or [[species]] distribution or mechanical impact with structures.
==History==
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*'''Partitioned or staggered concept''': The equations describing multi-physics phenomena are solved sequentially by appropriately tailored and distinct solvers with passing the results of one analysis as a load to the next.
The former concept requires a solver that includes a combination of all physical problems involved, and therefore, requires a large implementation effort. However, there exist scenarios for which it is difficult to arrange the coefficients of combined [[differential equations]] in one [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. A partitioned concept as a coupling between a number of solvers representing individual domains of physics offers distinctive advantages over a monolithic concept.
It inherently encompasses a large degree of flexibility by coupling an almost arbitrary number of solvers.
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| volume=57
| pages=2395–2410
}}</ref> describe discrete particle-continuum fluid modelling of gas-solid fluidised beds. Further applications of XDEM include thermal conversion of biomass on a backward and forward acting grate. Heat transfer in a [[packed bed]] [[reactor]] was also investigated for hot air streaming upward through the packed bed to heat the particles, which dependent on position and size experience different heat transfer rates. The [[deformation]] of a conveyor belt due to impacting [[granular material]] that is discharged over a chute represents an application in the field of [[Stress (mechanical)|stress]]/[[strain]] analysis.
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