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Mars Science Laboratory: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
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Undid revision 506042163 by CherryX (talk) -- original value was correct (note the difference between time of landing on mars and the time it takes for the signal to reach earth.)
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U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E 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S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A U S A U S A G E A U S A U S A G E A U S A v
== Instruments ==
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The following instruments were selected. Most are on the rover, but some are installed on other components.
 
* '''Cameras:''' ''Curiosity'' has seventeen cameras overall.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/malin-4.html Seventeen Cameras on Curiosity - NASA]</ref> MastCam, MAHLI, and MARDI cameras were developed by [[Malin Space Science Systems]] and they all share common design components, such as on-board electronic [[image processing|imaging processing]] boxes, 1600×1200 [[Charge-coupled device|CCDs]], and a [[Bayer filter|RGB Bayer pattern filter]].<ref name="LPSCMast">{{cite journal|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1214.pdf| bibcode= 2005LPI....36.1214M | title = The Mast Cameras and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory|author1=Malin|first1=M. C.|last2=Bell|first2=J. F.|last3=Cameron|first3=J.|last4=Dietrich|first4=W. E.|last5=Edgett|first5=K. S.|last6=Hallet|first6=B.|last7=Herkenhoff|first7=K. E.|last8=Lemmon|first8=M. T.|last9=Parker|first9=T. J.|volume=36|year=2005|page=1214|journal=36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference}}</ref><ref name="MastCam">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/Mastcam/ |title=Mast Camera (Mastcam) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=March 18, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="MAHLI">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/ |title=Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=March 23, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="MARDI">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MARDI/ |title=Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 3, 2009}}</ref><ref name="MastCamDescription">{{cite web |url=http://www.msss.com/msl/mastcam/MastCam_description.html |title=Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): Mast Camera (Mastcam): Instrument Description |publisher=Malin Space Science Systems |accessdate=April 19, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=NovEmail>{{cite web | url = http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=25991 | title = Mars Science Laboratory Instrumentation Announcement from Alan Stern and Jim Green, NASA Headquarters | work = SpaceRef Interactive}}</ref>
** '''MastCam''': This system provides multiple spectra and [[Truecolor|true color]] imaging with two cameras.<ref name="MastCam"/> The cameras can take true color images at 1600×1200 [[pixels]] and up to 10 [[frames per second]] hardware-compressed, high-definition video at [[720p]] (1280×720). One camera is the Medium Angle Camera (MAC) that has a 34&nbsp;mm [[focal length]], a 15-degree [[field of view]], and can yield 22&nbsp;cm/pixel scale at 1&nbsp;km. The other camera is the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) which has a 100&nbsp;mm focal length, a 5.1-degree field of view, and can yield 7.4&nbsp;cm/pixel scale at 1&nbsp;km.<ref name="MastCam"/> Malin also developed a pair of Mastcams with zoom lenses,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.msss.com/all_projects/msl-mastcam.php | title = Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mast Camera (Mastcam)}}</ref> but these were not included in the final design because of time required to test the new hardware and the looming November 2011 launch date.<ref>{{cite news|last=David|first=Leonard|title=NASA Nixes 3-D Camera for Next Mars Rover|url=http://www.space.com/11241-nasa-mars-rover-3d-camera-james-cameron.html|newspaper=Space.com|date=March 28, 2011}}</ref> Each camera has 8 GB of flash memory, which is capable of storing over 5,500 raw images, and can apply real time [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] or [[JPEG#JPEG compression|JPEG compression]].<ref name="MastCam"/> The cameras have an autofocus capability that allows them to focus on objects from {{convert|2.1|m|abbr=on}} to infinity.<ref name="MastCamDescription"/> Each camera also has a RGB Bayer pattern filter with 8 filter positions.<ref name="MastCam"/> In comparison to the 1024×1024 black and white panoramic cameras used on the [[Mars Exploration Rover|Mars Exploration Rover (MER)]], the MAC MastCam has 1.25× higher [[Angular resolution|spatial resolution]] and the NAC MastCam has 3.67× higher spatial resolution.<ref name="MastCamDescription"/>
**'''Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)''': This system consists of a camera mounted to a robotic arm on the rover, used to acquire microscopic images of rock and soil. MAHLI can take true color images at 1600×1200 [[pixel]]s with a resolution as high as 14.5 [[micrometre|micrometers]] per pixel. MAHLI has a 18.3&nbsp;mm to 21.3&nbsp;mm focal length and a 33.8- to 38.5-degree field of view.<ref name="MAHLI"/> MAHLI has both white and ultraviolet [[LED]] illumination for imaging in darkness or [[fluorescence]] imaging. MAHLI also has mechanical focusing in a range from infinite to millimetre distances.<ref name="MAHLI"/> This system can make some images with [[focus stacking]] processing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/|title=Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)|author=Kenneth S. Edgett|accessdate=January 11, 2012}}</ref> MAHLI can store either the raw images or do real time lossless predictive or JPEG compression.<ref name="MAHLI"/>
**'''MSL Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)''': During the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI will take color images at 1600×1200 pixels with a 1.3-millisecond exposure time starting at distances of about 3.7&nbsp;km to near 5 meters from the ground and will take images at a rate of 5 frames per second for about 2 minutes.<ref name="MARDI"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.msss.com/msl/mardi/news/12Nov07/index.html | title = Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) Update | work = Malin Space Science Systems | date = November 12, 2007}}</ref> MARDI has a pixel scale of 1.5 meters at 2&nbsp;km to 1.5 millimeters at 2 meters and has a 90-degree circular field of view. MARDI has 8 GB of internal buffer memory that is capable of storing over 4,000 raw images. MARDI imaging will allow the mapping of surrounding terrain and the ___location of landing.<ref name="MARDI"/> [[JunoCam]], built for the [[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno spacecraft]], is based on MARDI.<ref>[http://www.msss.com/all_projects/junocam.php Malin Space Science Systems – Junocam, Juno Jupiter Orbiter<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* '''ChemCam:''' ChemCam is a suite of remote sensing instruments, including the first [[laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]] (LIBS) system to be used for planetary science and a remote micro-imager (RMI).<ref name="MSLChemCam">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/ChemCam/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/sc_instru_chemcam.html|title=Spacecraft: Surface Operations Configuration: Science Instruments: ChemCam}}</ref> The LIBS instrument can target a rock or soil sample from up to 7 meters away, vaporizing a small amount of it with a 5-nanosecond pulse from a 1067&nbsp;[[Nanometre|nm]] infrared laser and then collecting a spectrum of the light emitted by the vaporized rock. Detection of the ball of luminous plasma will be done in the visible and near-UV and near-IR range, between 240&nbsp;nm and 800&nbsp;nm.<ref name="MSLChemCam"/>
 
:ChemCam includes the Remote Micro Imager (RMI) with 100 microradian resolution and 1024 by 1024 pixels.<ref>[http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/ChemCam/ MSL Science Corner Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) - NASA]</ref> It uses the same optics and provides context images for LIBS analysis spots. The RMI resolves 1&nbsp;mm objects at 10&nbsp;m distance, and has a field of view covering 20&nbsp;cm at that distance.<ref name="MSLChemCam"/> The ChemCam instrument suite was developed by the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and the French [[Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements|CESR]] laboratory.<ref name="MSLChemCam"/><ref>
{{cite journal | title = Comparative study of different methodologies for quantitative rock analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in a simulated Martian atmosphere |author=Salle B., Lacour J. L., Mauchien P., Fichet P., Maurice S., Manhes G. |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=301–313 |year=2006| doi = 10.1016/j.sab.2006.02.003 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1580.pdf |format=PDF| bibcode = 2006AcSpe..61..301S }}</ref><ref>[http://chemcam.cesr.fr/pages/instrument/page.php CESR presentation on the LIBS]</ref><ref>[http://libs.lanl.gov/ChemCam_Fact_Sheet.pdf ChemCam fact sheet]</ref>
:NASA's cost for ChemCam is approximately $10M, including an overrun of about $1.5M,<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Corrections and Clarifications, News of the Week |author=Wiens R.C., Maurice S.|journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5907 |page=1466 |year=2008| doi = 10.1126/science.322.5907.1466a | pmid = 19056960}}</ref> which is less than 1/200th of the total mission costs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ChemCam's Cost a Drop in the Mars Bucket |author=Wiens R.C., Maurice S.|journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5907 |page=1464 |year=2008|doi=10.1126/science.322.5907.1464a |pmid=19056957}}</ref> The flight model of the Mast Unit was delivered from the French [[CNES]] to [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and was able to deliver the engineering model to [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] in February 2008.<ref>[http://libs.lanl.gov/ChemCam_status.html ChemCam Status April, 2008 ]</ref>
 
* '''Alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS):''' This device will irradiate samples with [[alpha particle]]s and map the spectra of [[X-ray]]s that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.<ref name="MSLAPXS">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/APXS/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009 }}</ref> The APXS is a form of [[particle-induced X-ray emission]] (PIXE), which has previously been used by the [[Mars Pathfinder]] and the [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s.<ref name="MSLAPXS"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers|author= R. Rieder, R. Gellert, J. Brückner, G. Klingelhöfer, G. Dreibus, A. Yen, S. W. Squyres|journal= J. Geophysical Research|year= 2003|volume= 108|page= 8066| doi=10.1029/2003JE002150|bibcode = 2003JGRE..108.8066R }}</ref> The APXS was developed by the [[Canadian Space Agency]].<ref name="MSLAPXS"/> [[MacDonald Dettwiler|MacDonald Dettwiler (MDA)]], the Canadian aerospace company that built the [[Canadarm]] and [[RADARSAT]], were responsible for the engineering design and building of the APXS. The APXS science team includes members from the [[University of Guelph]], the [[University of New Brunswick]], the [[University of Western Ontario]], [[NASA]], the [[University of California, San Diego]] and [[Cornell University]].<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2364.pdf 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference] (2009); [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/2539.pdf 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference] (2010)</ref>
 
:{{Main|APXS}}
 
* '''CheMin:''' CheMin is the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) [[X-ray diffraction]] and [[X-ray fluorescence]] instrument<ref name="MSLCheMin">{{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/ |title=MSL Chemistry & Mineralogy X-ray diffraction(CheMin) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=November 25, 2011 }}</ref> CheMin is one of four spectrometers. It will identify and quantify the abundance of the minerals on Mars. It was developed by David Blake at [[NASA Ames Research Center]] and the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite journal|title= Field deployment of a portable X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence instrument on Mars analog terrain |author= Sarrazin P., Blake D., Feldman S., Chipera S., Vaniman D., Bish D.|journal= Powder Diffraction|volume= 20|issue= 2|pages= 128–133|year=2005|doi=10.1154/1.1913719 |bibcode = 2005PDiff..20..128S }}</ref> The rover will drill samples into rocks and the resulting fine powder will be sampled by the instrument. A beam of X-rays is then directed at the powder and the internal crystal structure of the minerals deflects back a pattern of X-rays. All minerals diffract X-rays in a characteristic pattern that allows scientists to identify the structure of the minerals the rover will encounter.
 
* '''Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM):''' The SAM instrument suite will analyze [[Organic compound|organics]] and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples.<ref name="MSLSAM">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/SAM/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml Overview of the SAM instrument suite]</ref> It was developed by [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], the Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA) (jointly operated by France's [[CNRS]] and some [[Paris]]ian universities) and [[Honeybee Robotics]], along with many additional external partners.<ref name="MSLSAM"/><ref>{{cite journal |title = Did life exist on Mars? Search for organic and inorganic signatures, one of the goals for "SAM" (sample analysis at Mars) |author = Cabane M., Coll P., Szopa C., Israel G., Raulin F., Sternberg R., Mahaffy P., Person A., Rodier C., Navarro-Gonzalez R., Niemann H., Harpold D., Brinckerhoff W. |journal = Source: Mercury, Mars and Saturn Advances in Space Research |volume = 33 |issue = 12 |pages = 2240–2245 |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="SAM">{{cite web|url=http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml |title=Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Suite |accessdate=October 9, 2008 |month=October | year=2008 |publisher=NASA }}</ref>
:{{main|Sample Analysis at Mars}}
 
* '''Radiation assessment detector (RAD):''' This instrument was the first of ten MSL instruments to be turned on. On the route to Mars and while working on its surface, it will characterize the broad spectrum of radiation environment found inside the spacecraft. These measurements were never done before from the inside of a spacecraft and their main purpose is to determine the viability and shielding needs for human explorers.<ref name="MSLRAD">{{cite web |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hassler/rad/ |title=SwRI Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) Homepage |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |accessdate=January 19, 2011 }}</ref> Funded by the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters and Germany, RAD was developed by [[Southwest Research Institute]] (SwRI) and the extraterrestrial physics group at [[University of Kiel|Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel]], Germany.<ref name="MSLRAD"/> Latest data [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4074 here]
 
* '''Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN):''' A pulsed [[neutron source]] and detector for measuring [[hydrogen]] or ice and water at or near the Martian surface, provided by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]],<ref name="MSLDAN">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/DAN/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi =10.1089/ast.2007.0157 | title =The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Experiment for NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory | year =2008 | last1 =Litvak | first1 =M.L. | last2 =Mitrofanov | first2 =I.G. | last3 =Barmakov | first3 =Yu.N. | last4 =Behar | first4 =A. | last5 =Bitulev | first5 =A. | last6 =Bobrovnitsky | first6 =Yu. | last7 =Bogolubov | first7 =E.P. | last8 =Boynton | first8 =W.V. | last9 =Bragin | first9 =S.I. | journal =Astrobiology | volume =8 | issue =3 | pages =605–12 | pmid =18598140|bibcode = 2008AsBio...8..605L }}</ref> and funded by [[Russia]].<ref>[http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/radiationdetectors/dan/ MSL Science Corner - Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)]</ref>
 
* '''Rover environmental monitoring station (REMS):''' Meteorological package and an [[ultraviolet]] sensor provided by the [[Ministry of Education (Spain)|Spanish Ministry of Education and Science]]. The investigative team is led by Javier Gómez-Elvira of the Center for Astrobiology (Madrid) and includes the [[Finnish Meteorological Institute]] as a partner.<ref name="MSLREMS">{{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/REMS/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="MSLREMS-pdf">{{cite web|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/pdfs/MSL_Fact_Sheet-20100916.pdf|title=Mars Science Laboratory Fact Sheet|publisher=NASA/JPL|accessdate=June 20, 2011 }}</ref> It is mounted on the camera mast and can measure atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind currents and direction, air and ground temperature and ultraviolet radiation levels. All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover Remote Sensing Mast (RSM), the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover body. REMS will provide new clues about signature of the Martian general circulation, microscale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction.<ref name="MSLREMS"/>
 
* '''MSL entry descent and landing instrumentation (MEDLI):''' The MEDLI project’s main objective is to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heat shield material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density for the atmospheric entry through the sensible atmosphere down to heat shield separation of the Mars Science Laboratory entry vehicle.<ref name="MSLMEDLIProject">{{cite web |url=http://www.mrc.uidaho.edu/~atkinson/SeniorDesign/ThermEx/MEDLI/MEDLI_SDR_Project_Overview.pdf |title=Science Overview System Design Review (SDR) |author=Michael Wright |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=May 1, 2007 |accessdate=September 9, 2009 }}</ref> The MEDLI instrumentation suite will be installed in the heatshield of the MSL entry vehicle. The acquired data will support future Mars missions by providing measured atmospheric data to validate [[Atmosphere of Mars|Mars atmosphere]] models and clarify the lander design margins on future Mars missions. MEDLI instrumentation consists of three main subsystems: MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP), Mars Entry Atmospheric Data System (MEADS) and the Sensor Support Electronics (SSE).
 
* '''Hazard avoidance cameras ([[Hazcam]]s):''' The rover has two pairs of black and white navigation cameras located on the four corners of the rover.<ref name="HazardAvoidanceCameras">{{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/eyesandother/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Eyes and Other Senses: Four Engineering Hazcams (Hazard Avoidance Cameras) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 4, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="MSLPhotosynth">{{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/interactives/photosynth/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory Rover in the JPL Mars Yard |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=May 10, 2009 }}</ref> They are used for autonomous hazard avoidance during rover drives and for safe positioning of the robotic arm on rocks and soils.<ref name="HazardAvoidanceCameras"/> The cameras use visible light to capture [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] three-dimensional (3-D) imagery.<ref name="HazardAvoidanceCameras"/> The cameras have a 120 degree [[field of view]] and map the terrain at up to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in front of the rover.<ref name="HazardAvoidanceCameras"/> This imagery safeguards against the rover inadvertently crashing into unexpected obstacles, and works in tandem with software that allows the rover to make its own safety choices.<ref name="HazardAvoidanceCameras"/>
 
* '''Navigation cameras (Navcams):''' The rover uses a pair of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation.<ref name="MSLPhotosynth"/><ref name="NavCameras">{{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/eyesandother/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Eyes and Other Senses: Two Engineering Navcams (Navigation Cameras) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 4, 2009 }}</ref> The cameras have a 45 degree [[angle of view]] and use visible [[light]] to capture [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic 3-D imagery]].<ref name="NavCameras"/>
 
== Launch vehicle ==
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