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At the same time, the device of the Karlsruhe team of researchers marks the lower limit of miniaturization, as feature sizes smaller than one atom cannot be produced lithographically. The device represents a quantum transistor, the conductance of the Source-Drain channel being defined by the rules of quantum mechanics. It can be operated at room temperature and at ambient conditions, i.e. neither cooling nor vacuum are required.<ref>F.-Q. Xie, R. Maul, Ch. Obermair, G. Schön, W. Wenzel, Th. Schimmel, Advanced Materials 22, 2033 (2010)</ref>
Few atom transistors have been developed at Waseda University and at Italian CNR by Takahiro Shinada and Enrico Prati, who observed the Anderson-Mott transition in miniature by employing arrays of only two, four and six individually implanted As or P atoms. <ref>E. Prati, M. Hori, F. Guagliardo, G. Ferrari, T. Shinada, Anderson-Mott transition in arrays of a few dopant atoms in a silicon transistor, Nature Nanotechnology 7, pp. 443 - 447 (2012)</ref>
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