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In addition to the two Cre-''loxP''-mediated recombinant systems discussed above, there are even more powerful systems which induce Cre expression in a spatially as well as temporally controlled manner. These systems give researchers greater empirical accuracy than ever before, allowing scientists to investigate genetic contributions with remarkable specificity. However, there are a number of different challenges facing SSR technology. Many issues revolve around the ability to choose promoters which isolate Cre activity sufficiently in order to investigate spatially controlled genetic alterations. In the absence of a sufficiently localized promoter, Cre expression becomes too widespread, and this compromises experimental control. Also, when investigating temporally activated Cre systems it is necessary to monitor Cre activity at certain time points in order to verify that Cre was not active previously during development. In order to address this issue, scientists have come up with a number of reporter lines which facilitate the supervising of Cre expression.
Other SSR-systems of increasing relevance are the yeast enzyme Flp (another reversibly acting Tyr-recombinases) and PhiC31 (an unidirectional Ser-integrase) <ref> Turan S & Bode J (2011).
==Scientific implications==
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