Deep linguistic processing: Difference between revisions

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The knowledge-intensive approach of deep linguistic processing requires considerable computational power, and has in the past sometimes been judged as being intractable. However, research in the early 2000s had made considerable advancement in efficiency of deep processing.<ref>Ulrich Callmeier. [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=973952.973959 PET – A platform for experimentation with efficient HPSG processing techniques]. Natural Language Engineering, 6(1):99 – 108, 2000.</ref><ref>Hans Uszkoreit. [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/coling2002/proceedings/data/area-01/uszkoreit.pdf New Chances for Deep Linguistic Processing]. In Proceedings of COLING 2002, pages xiv–xxvii, Taipei, Taiwan, 2002.</ref> Today, efficiency is no longer a major problem for applications using deep linguistic processing.

==Deep vs Shallowshallow Linguisticlinguistic Processingprocessing==

Traditionally, deep linguistic processing has been concerned with computational grammar development (for use in both [[parsing]] and generation). These grammars were manually developed, maintained and were computationally expensive to run. In recent years, machine learning approaches (also known as [[shallow linguistic processing]]) have fundamentally altered the field of [[natural language processing]]. The rapid creation of robust and wide-coverage machine learning NLP tools requires substantially lesser amount of manual labor. Thus deep linguistic processing methods have received less attention.

<br>However, it is the belief of some computational linguists{{Who}} that in order for computers to understand natural language or [[inference]], detailed syntactic and [[Semantic analysis (knowledge representation)|semantic representation]] is necessary. Moreover, shallow methods may lack human language 'understanding'. While humans can easily understand a sentence and it'sits meaning, shallow linguistic processing might lack human language 'understanding'. For example:

<ref>U. Schafer. 2007. ¨ [http://scidok.sulb.uni-saarland.de/volltexte/2007/1326/pdf/Dissertation_1383_Schae_Ulri_2007.pdf Integrating Deep and Shallow Natural Language Processing Components – Representations and Hybrid Architectures]. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany.</ref>: <br>

:a) ''Things would be different if Microsoft was located in Georgia.''

In sentence A, a shallow [[information extraction]] system might infer wrongly that Microsoft's headquarters was located in Georgia. While as humans, we understand from the sentence that Microsoft office was never in Georgia.<br>

:b) ''The National InstitueInstitute for Psychology in Israel was established in May 1971 as the Israel Center for Psychobiology by Prof. Joel.''

In sentence B, a shallow system could wrongly infer that Israel was establishestablished in May 1971. Instead, humanly weone knowknows that it is the National Institute for Psychobiology that was establishestablished in 1971.<br>

In summary of the comparison between deep and shallow language processing, deep linguistic processing provides a knowledge-rich analysis of language through manually developed grammars and language resources. Whereas, shallow linguistic processing provides a knowledge-lean analysis of language through statistical/machine learning manipulation of texts and/or [[Annotation|annotated lingusiticlinguistic]] resource.

==Deep Linguistic Processing Sub-communities==