Advanced process control: Difference between revisions

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In [[control theory]] '''Advanced process control''' (APC) is a broad term composed of different kinds of [[process control]] tools, often used for solving multivariable control problems or discrete control problem. Advanced control describes a practice which draws elements from many disciplines ranging from control engineering, signal processing, statistics, decision theory and artificial intelligence

In [[control theory]] '''Advanced process control''' (APC) refers to a broad range of techniques and technologies implemented within industrial process control systems. Advanced process controls are usually deployed optionally and in addition to ''basic'' process controls. Basic process controls are designed and built with the process itself, to facilitate basic operation, control and automation requirements. Advanced process controls are typically added subsequently, often over the course of many years, to address particular performance or economic improvement opportunities in the process.

== Overview ==

Advanced process control is composed of different kinds of [[process control]] tools, for example:

* [[Model predictive control]] (MPC),

* [[Statistical process control]] (SPC),

* Run2Run (R2R),

* Fault detection and classification (FDC),

* [[sensor|Sensor control]] and

* [[feedback|Feedback systems]].

APC applications are often used for solving multivariable control or discrete control problems.

[[Process control]] (basic and advanced) normally implies the process industries, which includes chemicals, petrochemicals, oil and mineral refining, food processing, pharmaceuticals, power generation, etc. These industries are characterized by continuous processes and fluid processing, as opposed to discrete parts manufacturing, such as automobile and electronics manufacturing. The term process automation is essentially synonymous with process control.

Normally an APC system is connected to a [[distributed control system]] (DCS). The APC application will calculate moves that are sent to regulatory controllers. Historically the interfaces between DCS and APC systems were dedicated software interfaces. Nowadays the communication protocol between these system is managed via the industry standard [[OLE for process control]] (OPC) protocol.

Process controls (basic as well as advanced) are implemented within the process control system, which usually means a distributed control system (DCS), programmable logic controller (PLC), and/or a supervisory control computer. DCSs and PLCs are typically industrially hardened and fault-tolerant. Supervisory control computers are often not hardened or fault-tolerant, but they bring a higher level of computational capability to the control system, to host valuable, but not critical, advanced control applications. Advanced controls may reside in either the DCS or the supervisory computer, depending on the application. Basic controls reside in the DCS and its subsystems, including PLCs.

== Advanced process control: Topics ==

=== APC industries ===

*APC can be found in the (petro)chemical industries where it makes it possible to control multivariable control problems. Since these controllers contain the dynamic relationships between variables it can predict in the future how variables will behave. Based on these predictions, actions can be taken now to maintain variables within their limits. APC is used when the models can be estimated and do not vary too much.

== Types of Advanced Process Control ==

*In the complex [[semiconductor industry]] where several hundred steps with multiple re-entrant possibilities occurs, APC plays an important role for control the overall production.

Following is a list of the best known types of advanced process control:

APC is more and more used in other industries. In the mining industry for example, successful applications of APC (often combine to Fuzzy Logic) have been successfully implemented. In the mining industry, the models change and APC implementation is more complex.

* Advanced regulatory control (ARC) refers to several proven advanced control techniques, such as feedforward, override or adaptive gain. ARC is also a catch-all term used to refer to any customized or non-simple technique that does not fall into any other category. ARCs are typically implemented using function blocks or custom programming capabilities at the DCS level. In some cases, ARCs reside at the supervisory control computer level.

=== APC Engineers ===

Those responsible for the design, implementation and maintenance of APC applications are often referred to as APC Engineers or Control Application Engineers. Usually their education is dependent upon the field of specialization. For example, in the chemical industry the vast majority of APC Engineers have a chemical engineering background and typically hold a graduate degree. They combine deep understanding of advanced control techniques with expert process or product knowledge to provide solutions to the most difficult control problems. Because APC engineers are highly specialized many companies elect to contract engineering firms for this type of work. However, some companies view APC as a competitive advantage and maintain a staff of APC engineers who often provide services at more than one geographic ___location.

* Multivariable [[Model predictive control]] (MPC) is a popular technology, usually deployed on a supervisory control computer, that identifies important independent and dependent process variables and the dynamic relationships (models) between them, and uses matrix-math based control and optimization algorithms, to control multiple variables simultaneously. MPC has been a prominent part of APC ever since supervisory computers first brought the necessary computational capabilities to control systems in the 1980s.

=== Terminology ===

* Inferential control: The concept behind inferentials is to calculate a stream property from readily available process measurements, such as temperature and pressure, that otherwise would require either an expensive and complicated online analyzer or periodic laboratory analysis. Inferentials can be utilized in place of actual online analyzers, whether for operator information, cascaded to base-layer process controllers, or multivariable controller CVs.

Manipulated Variables (MVs) are variables where advanced controllers send setpoints to. Controlled variables (CVs) are variables that normally need to be controlled between limits. Disturbance variables (DVs) or Feed Forward variables (FF) are only used as an input to the controller, they cannot be influenced, but when measured contribute to the predictability of the CV.

* Sequential control refers to dis-continuous time and event based automation sequences that occur within continuous processes. These may be implemented as a collection of time and logic function blocks, a custom algorithm, or using a formalized [[Sequential function chart]] methodology.

* Compressor control typically includes compressor anti-surge and performance control.

== Related Technologies ==

The following technologies are related to APC and in some contexts can be considered part of APC, but are generally separate technologies having their own (or in need of their own) Wiki articles.

* [[Statistical process control]] (SPC), despite its name, is much more common in discrete parts manufacturing and batch process control than in continuous process control. In SPC, “process” refers to the work and quality control process, rather than continuous process control.

*Batch process control (see ANSI/ISA-88) is employed in non-continuous batch processes, such as many pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and foods.

*Simulation-based optimization incorporates dynamic or steady-state computer-based process simulation models to determine more optimal operating targets in real-time, i.e. on a periodic basis, ranging from hourly to daily. This is sometimes considered a part of APC, but in practice it is still an emerging technology and is more often part of MPO.

*Manufacturing planning and optimization (MPO) refers to ongoing business activity to arrive at optimal operating targets that are then implemented in the operating organization, either manually or in some cases automatically communicated to the process control system.

*[[Safety instrumented system]] refers to a system that is independent of the process control system, both physically and administratively, whose purpose is to assure basic safety of the process.

== APC Business and Professionals ==

Those responsible for the design, implementation and maintenance of APC applications are often referred to as APC Engineers or Control Application Engineers. Usually their education is dependent upon the field of specialization. For example, in the process industries many APC Engineers have a chemical engineering background, combining process control and chemical processing expertise.

Most large operating facilities, such as oil refineries, employ a number of control system specialists and professionals, ranging from field instrumentation, regulatory control system (DCS and PLC), advanced process control, and control system network and security. Depending on facility size and circumstances, these personnel may have responsibilities across multiple areas, or be dedicated to each area. There are also many process control service companies that can be hired for support and services in each area.

=== Terminology ===

==*APC: Advanced process control: Topics ==

*ARC: Advanced regulatory control, including feedforward, adaptive gain, override, logic, fuzzy logic, sequence control, device control, inferentials, and custom algorithms; usually implies DCS-based.

*Base-Layer: Includes DCS, SIS, field devices, and other DCS subsystems, such as analyzers, equipment health systems, and PLCs.

*BPCS: Basic process control system (see "base-layer")

*DCS: Distributed control system, often synonymous with BPCS

*MPO: Manufacturing planning optimization

*MPC: Multivariable [[Model predictive control]] (MPC),

*SIS: [[Safety instrumented system]]

*SME: Subject matter expert

== References ==