Protocol stack: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:07, 6 May 2006

Revision as of 01:00, 13 May 2006

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A '''protocol stack''' is a particular software implementation of a [[computer network]]ing protocol suite. The terms are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the protocols, and the stack is the software implementation of them.

Individual [[network protocol|protocols]] within a suite are often designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularisation[[modular]]isation makes design and evaluation easier. Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as ''layers'' in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always deals with "low-level", physical interaction of the hardware. Every higher layer adds more features. User applications habitually deal only with the topmost layers. (See also [[OSI model]]).

In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections, for media, transport, and applications. A particular [[operating system]] or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces,: one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications.

The media-to-transport interface defines how transport protocol software makes use of particular media and hardware types ("card drivers"). For example, this interface level would define how [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]] transport software would talk to [[Ethernet]] hardware. Examples of these interfaces include [[Open Data-Link Interface|ODI]] and [[Network Driver Interface Specification|NDIS]] in the [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[DOS]] world.

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[A] [B]_____[C]

Imagine three computers: ''A'', ''B'', and ''C''. ''A'' and ''B'' both have radio equipment, and can communicate via the airwaves using a suitable network protocol (like [[IEEE 802.11]].) ''B'' and ''C'' are connected via a cable, exchangingusing datait overto thatexchange -data (again, with the help of a protocol, (for example [[Ethernet]]). However, neither of these two protocols will be able to transport information from ''A'' to ''C'', because these computers are conceptually on different networks. One, therefore, needs an inter-network protocol to "connect" them.

One could combine ourthe two protocols to form a powerful third, mastering both cable and wireless transmission, but we would need a different super-protocol would be needed for each possible combination of protocols. It is easier to leave the base protocols alone, and design a protocol that can work on top of any of them (the [[Internet Protocol]] is an example).) This will make two stacks of two protocols each. The inter-network protocol will communicate with each of the base protocol in their simpler language.; Thethe base protocols will not talk directly to each other.

A request on computer ''A'' to send a chunk of data to ''C'' is taken by the upper protocol, which (through whatever means) knows that ''C'' is reachable through ''B''. It therefore instructs the wireless protocol to transmit the data packet to ''B''. On this computer, the lower layer handlers will pass the packet up to the inter-network protocol, which, on recognizing that ''B'' is not the final destination, will again invoke lower-level functions. This time, the cable protocol is used to send the data to ''C''. There, the received packet is again passed to the upper protocol, which (with ''C'' being the destination) will pass it on to a higher protocol or application on ''C''. Often an even higher-level protocol will sit on top, and incur further processing.

A commonly used protocol stack looks like this:

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| [[Ethernet]] |

+- - - - - -+

==See also==