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[[Image:ClipperRoute.png|thumb|right|250px|The '''クリッパールート''' followed by ships sailing between England and Australia/New Zealand.]]
[[セーリング]]における'''クリッパールート'''とは、[[クリッパー (船)|クリッパー]]という船が、[[ヨーロッパ]]と、[[極東]]及び[[オーストラリア]]及び[[ニュージーランド]]の間を帆走するときの、伝統的な航路である。[[吠える40度]]の強い西風を使うために、ルートは[[南極海]]を西から東へと走っている。多くの船と水兵が、航路状態の劣悪さによって行方しれずになっている。とりわけ、クリッパーがヨーロッパへ向かうときに回頭しなければならない[[ホーン岬]]で、行方しれずになっている。
[[蒸気船]]の導入と、[[スエズ運河]]及び[[パナマ運河]]の開通により、クリッパールートは商業的には使われなくなった。しかしながら、世界一周をする際の最速の帆走航路としては健在であり、''[[en:Around Alone]]''や''[[en:Vendée Globe]]''のような、いくつかの有名な[[ヨットレース]]のルートになっている。
== オーストラリアとニュージーランド ==
[[File:Unidentified tall ship near Cape Horn - Nla.pic-vn3299637-v.jpg|thumb|right|ホーン岬を回る、正体の分からない船の画像。]]
[[イングランド]]からオーストラリアやニュージーランドヘ向かうクリッパールートは、, returning via [[ホーン岬]], offered captains the 最速の[[世界一周]], and hence potentially the greatest rewards; many穀物と羊毛と金 clippers sailed this route, returning home with valuable cargos in a relatively short time. しかしながら、this route, passing south of the three [[great capes]] and running for much of its length through the [[南極海]], also carried the greatest risks, exposing ships to the hazards of fierce winds, 巨大な波, and [[氷山]]. This combination of the fastest ships, the highest risks, and the greatest rewards combined to give this route a particular aura of ロマンスとドラマ.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way'', Francis Chichester; pages 15–16. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00191-7</ref>
=== Outbound ===
ルートはイングランドから東[[大西洋]]を[[赤道]]へ向けて南下し、, crossing at about the position of [[サンペドロ・サンパウロ群島]], around [[東経20度線]]付近の. この地点までの{{convert|3275|mi|km}}を帆走する好タイムは約21日間。しかしながら、不運な船だと[[熱帯収束帯]]を越えるのにもう三週間ほどかかってしまうことがある<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 44–45.</ref>。
ルートは西大西洋を南下し、自然に出来た風と海流の循環に従って、 [[Trindade and Martim Vaz|Trindade]]の近くを通過し、そして[[トリスタン・ダ・クーニャ]]を過ぎたら南東に曲がる<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 47.</ref><ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 54.</ref>。ルートは[[南緯40度線]]付近で[[本初子午線]]を越え、クリッパーが[[吠える40度]]に入るのは[[プリマス]]から約{{convert|6500|mi|km}}帆走した地点である。この地点までを帆走する好タイムは約43日間<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 57–58.</ref>。
Once into the forties, a ship was also inside the ice zone, the area of the Southern Ocean where there was a significant chance of encountering [[氷山]]. Safety would dictate keeping to the north edge of this zone, roughly along the parallel of 南緯40度線; しかしながら、 the [[great circle]] route from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to Australia, curving down to [[南緯60度線]], is {{convert|1000|mi|km}} shorter, and would also offer the strongest winds. Ship's masters would therefore go as far south as they dared, weighing the risk of ice against a fast passage.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 74–75.</ref>
The clipper ships bound for Australia and New Zealand would call at a variety of ports. A ship sailing from Plymouth to [[シドニー]], for example, would cover around {{convert|13750|mi|km}}; a fast time for this passage would be around 100 days.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 7.</ref> ''[[Cutty Sark]]'' made the fastest passage on this route by a clipper, in 72 days.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 8.</ref> ''[[Thermopylae (clipper)|Thermopylae]]'' made the slightly shorter passage from London to [[メルボルン]], {{convert|13150|mi|km}}, in just 61 days in 1868–69.<ref name="Along the Clipper Way; page 68">''Along the Clipper Way''; page 68.</ref>
The following map traces the outbound route of the 1874 voyage from [[ロンドン]] to [[アデレード]], [[South Australia]], of the clipper ship ''[[City of Adelaide (1864)|City of Adelaide]]'', which today is the world's oldest surviving clipper ship. The latitudes and longitudes are obtained from the surviving diary of 21 year old passenger James McLauchlan.<ref name=JMdiary>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/paxwiki/Diary_of_James_McLauchlan |title=Diary of James Anderson McLauchlan |work=City of Adelaide – the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}
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{{Location map+|Earth|width=800|float=center|AlternativeMap = Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg
|alt=Voyage of ''City of Adelaide'' from London to Adelaide in 1874.
|caption=Voyage of ''City of Adelaide'' from London to Adelaide in 1874 from the Diary of James Mclauchlan. Positions of passenger deaths (blue) are approximate.
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=== Homeward ===
The return passage continued east from Australia; ships stopping at [[ウエリントン]] would pass through the [[クック海峡]], but otherwise this tricky passage was avoided, with ships passing instead around the south end of New Zealand.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 121.</ref> Once again, eastbound ships would be running more or less within the ice zone, staying as far south as possible for the shortest route and strongest winds. Most ships stayed north of the latitude of Cape Horn, at [[56th parallel south|56 degrees south]], following a southward dip in the ice zone as they approached the Horn.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 134.</ref>
The Horn itself had, and still has, an infamous reputation among sailors. The strong winds and currents which flow perpetually around the Southern Ocean without interruption are funnelled by the Horn into the relatively narrow [[ドレーク海峡]]; coupled with turbulent cyclones coming off the [[Andes]], and the shallow water near the Horn, this combination of factors can create violently hazardous conditions for ships.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 151–152.</ref>
Those ships which survived the Horn then made the passage back up the Atlantic, following the natural wind circulation up the eastern South Atlantic and more westerly in the North Atlantic. A good run for the {{convert|14750|mi|km}} from Sydney to Plymouth would be around 100 days; ''Cutty Sark'' made it in 84 days, and ''Thermopylae'' in 77 days.<ref name="Along the Clipper Way; page 68"/><ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 7–8.</ref> ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'' made the longer passage from Melbourne to Liverpool in 65 days in 1854–55, completing a circumnavigation of the world in 5 months, 9 days, which included 20 days spent in port.<ref>''Along the Clipper Way''; page 69.</ref>
The later [[windjammer]]s, which were usually large four-masted barques optimized on cargo and handling rather than running, usually made the voyage in 90 to 105 days. The fastest recorded time on Great Grain Races was on Finnish four-masted [[barque]] ''Parma'', 83 days in 1933 [http://pamir.chez-alice.fr/Voiliers/Classe_A/Grainwe.htm]. Her master on the voyage was the legendary Finnish captain Ruben de Cloux.<ref>A Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms under Sail, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1978, section 11</ref>
The following map traces the homeward route of the 1867 voyage from Adelaide to London of the clipper ship ''City of Adelaide''. The latitudes and longitudes were obtained from the surviving diary of 15 year old passenger [[Frederick Bullock]].<ref name=FBdiary>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/paxwiki/Diary_of_Frederick_Bullock |title=Diary of Frederick Bullock |work=City of Adelaide – the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref> A visual comparison of this map with the previous map shows that the ''City of Adelaide'' travelled a figure-of-eight route around the North and South [[Atlantic Ocean]]s, following the natural circulation of winds and currents. On other homeward voyages the ''City of Adelaide'' sometimes travelled around [[Cape Horn]].<ref name=Wilcox>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/paxwiki/Wilcox_Family |title=Wilcox Family |work=City of Adelaide – the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=A2L1878>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/paxwiki/Voyage_to_London_in_1878 |title=Voyage to London in 1878 |work=City of Adelaide – the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref>
<!-- ########## START MAP ########## -->
{{Location map+|Earth|width=800|float=center|AlternativeMap = Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg
|alt=Voyage of ''City of Adelaide'' from Adelaide to London in 1867.
|caption=Voyage of ''City of Adelaide'' from London to Adelaide in 1867 from the Diary of [[Frederick Bullock]].
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== Variations ==
[[File:StateLibQld 1 100620.jpg|right|thumb|225px|S. V. ''Garthneill'']]
The route sailed by a sailing ship was always heavily dictated by the wind conditions, which are generally reliable from the west in the forties and fifties. Even here, however, winds are variable, and the precise route and distance sailed would depend on the conditions on a particular voyage. Ships in the deep Southern Ocean could find themselves faced with persistent headwinds, or even becalmed.
Sailing ships attempting to go against the route, however, could have even greater problems. In 1922, ''Garthwray'' attempted to sail west around the Horn carrying cargo from the [[Firth of Forth]] to [[Iquique]], [[Chile]]. After two attempts to round the Horn the "wrong way", her master gave up and sailed east instead, reaching Chile from the other direction.<ref name=atcw-72>''Along the Clipper Way''; pages 72–73., quoted from ''Falmouth for Orders'' by Alan Villiers</ref>
Even more remarkable was the voyage of ''Garthneill'' in 1919. Attempting to sail from Melbourne to [[Bunbury, Western Australia]], a distance of {{convert|2000|mi|km}}, she was unable to make way against the forties winds south of Australia, and was faced by strong westerly winds again when she attempted to pass through the [[Torres Strait]] to the north. She finally turned and sailed the other way, passing the Pacific, Cape Horn, the Atlantic, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Indian Ocean to finally arrive in Bunbury after 76 days at sea.<ref name=atcw-72/><ref>[http://www.dehaa.sa.gov.au//heritage/ships_graveyards/pdfs/garthneill.pdf ''Garthneill – Garden Island''], from the [http://www.dehaa.sa.gov.au/ South Australia department of Environment and Heritage]</ref>
It is also worth pointing out that the first person to [[Sailing Alone Around the World|circumnavigate the world solo]], [[Joshua Slocum]] in the [[Spray (sailing vessel)|Spray]], did it rounding Cape Horn from east to west. His was not the fastest circumnavigation on record, and he took more than one try to get through Cape Horn.
== Modern use of the route ==
The introduction of [[steamboat|steam ships]], and the opening of the [[Suez Canal|Suez]] and [[Panama Canal]]s, spelled the demise of the clipper route as a major trade route. However, it remains the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing on the route.
The first person to attempt a high-speed circumnavigation of the clipper route was [[Francis Chichester]]. Chichester was already a notable aviation pioneer, who had flown solo from London to Sydney, and also a pioneer of [[single-handed sailing|single-handed]] [[yacht racing]], being one of the founders of the [[Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race]] (the ''OSTAR''). After the success of the ''OSTAR'', Chichester started looking into a clipper-route circumnavigation. He wanted to make the fastest ever circumnavigation in a small boat, but specifically set himself the goal of beating a "fast" clipper-ship passage of 100 days to Sydney.<ref>''Gipsy Moth Circles the World'', Sir Francis Chichester; page 6. International Marine, 2001. ISBN 0-07-136449-8</ref> He set off in 1966, and completed the run to Sydney in 107 days; after a stop of 48 days, he returned via Cape Horn in 119 days.<ref>''Gipsy Moth Circles the World''; page 105.</ref><ref>''Gipsy Moth Circles the World''; page 218.</ref>
Chichester's success inspired several others to attempt the next logical step: a non-stop single-handed circumnavigation along the clipper route. The result was the [[Sunday Times Golden Globe Race]], which was not only the first single-handed round-the world yacht race, but in fact the first round-the world yacht race in any format. Possibly the strangest yacht race ever run, it culminated in a successful non-stop circumnavigation by just one competitor, [[Robin Knox-Johnston]], who became the first person to sail the clipper route single-handed and non-stop. However [[Bernard Moitessier]] decided to withdraw from the Race after rounding Cape Horn in a promising Position. Instead of heading home to Europe he decided to continue to [[Tahiti]], completing his circumnaigation south of Cape Town and doing actual one and a half when arriving in [[Papeete]].
Today, there are several major races held regularly along the clipper route. The [[Volvo Ocean Race]] is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Two single-handed races, inspired by Chichester and the Golden Globe race, are the ''[[Around Alone]]'', which circumnavigates with stops, and the ''[[Vendée Globe]]'', which is non-stop.
In March 2005, [[Bruno Peyron]] and crew on the [[catamaran]] ''Orange II'' set a new world record for a circumnavigation by the clipper route, of 50 days, 16 hours, 20 minutes and 4 seconds.<ref>[http://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/?article=16425 ''Orange II smashes the round the world sailing record''], from Yachts and Yachting</ref>
Also in 2005, [[Ellen MacArthur]] set a new world record for a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation in the trimaran ''B&Q/Castorama''. Her time along the clipper route of 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes 33 seconds is the fastest ever circumnavigation of the world by a single-hander.<ref name="WSSRC Ratified Passage Records">[http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/content/view/19/21 ''WSSRC Ratified Passage Records''] – "Round the World, non stop, singlehanded", from the [[World Sailing Speed Record Council]]</ref> While this record still leaves MacArthur as the fastest female singlehanded circumnavigator, in 2008 [[Francis Joyon]] eclipsed that record in the trimaran ''IDEC'' with a time of 57 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes 6 seconds.<ref name="WSSRC Ratified Passage Records"/>
==See also==
* [[Brouwer Route]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Images==
* [http://userpages.umbc.edu/~dbasha1/clipper.html#Heavy%20Weather Clipper Ships in Heavy Weather]
{{Clipper ships}}
[Category:Clippers]]
[Category:Maritime history]]
[Category:Navigation]]
[Category:Age of Sail]]
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