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Montfaucon was born January 13, 1655, in the castle of [[Soulatgé]], a small village in the south [[Corbières, Aude|Corbières]], in the present department of [[Aude]]. After one year he was moved to the castle of [[Roquetaillade]], residence of his family, then he was sent to [[Limoux]]. In his seventh year he was sent to the secondary school to learn Christian doctrine.

Montfaucon served in the French army as volunteer and participated in the [[Franco-Dutch War]] in 1673. He was a captain of grenadiers and made two campaigns under the orders of [[Turenne]], participated in the [[Battle of Marienthal]] and fell ill in [[Saverne]] (in [[Alsace]]). Because of his infectious illness he made a vow to Notre-Dame of Marceille, to give one hundred ''[[French livre|livre]]s'' to her chapel and to become a Benedictine, if he was to go back to his country, as a result of her intervention.

After the death of his father in the [[Roquetaillade|Château de Roquetaillade]], he took the [[Benedictine]] habit in 1675, in the monastery of Bream in [[Toulouse]]; there he learned several ancient languages: Greek, Hebrew, Chaldean, [[Syriac language|Syriac]], and [[Coptic language|Coptic]].

In 1687 Montfaucon was called to the [[Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] and he started to work on an edition of the works of the Greek Church Fathers.

In 1705 he examined and described the manuscripts of the [[Fonds Coislin]], in ''Bibliotheca Coisliniana'' (Paris, 1705). In 1708 in ''Palaeographia Graeca'' Montfaucon became the first to use the term "palaeography".<ref>Bernard de Montfaucon et al., ''Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum'', Paris, Ludovicum Guerin (1708); André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=om4olQhrE84C&pg=PA1070&lpg=PA1070&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages''] (Routledge, 2000), Volume 2, p. 1070</ref> The work illustrates the entire history of Greek writing. It contains Montfaucon's discussions of variations in Greek letter forms, the use of abbreviations in Greek manuscripts, and the process of deciphering archaic writing. It was Montfaucon's special interest. In this work he often cited Greek manuscripts in texts of [[Athanasius of Alexandria]], [[Origen]], and [[John Chrysostom]].<ref>[http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/rarebooks/semeiology/palaeography.html ''Books on Palaeography from the Arnold Semeiology Collection'']</ref> The book dealt so comprehensively with the handwriting and other characteristics of Greek manuscripts that it remained the leading authority on the subject for almost two centuries.<ref>Bernhard Bischoff, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=eEmsSZ054L8C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Latin palaeography: antiquity and the Middle Ages''] (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 1.</ref>

In 1714 Montfaucon published the fragments of ''[[Hexapla]]'' of [[Origen]].<ref name="Bouillet">"Bernard de Montfaucon", in Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (eds.), ''Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie'', 1878.</ref>

He published 15 volumes of ''L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures'' between 1719 and 1724. An English translation of this work was published in 1721–25 under the title ''Antiquity Explained and Represented in Diagrams''. The work contained [[intaglio printing|copperplate]] folio engravings of classical antiquities. It included a depiction of the "Barberini Vase", more commonly known as the "[[Portland Vase]]". This book is published in English under the title ''Antiquities''.<ref>{{BBKL|m/montfaucon|band=6|autor= Georgios Fatouros|artikel=Montfaucon, Bernard de|spalten=92-94}}</ref> The materials used in this work were taken from the manuscripts deposited in French libraries. It contains many illustrative facsimiles, though they are engraved in a rather coarse way.

In 1719, Montfaucon was named by [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans]] to the [[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]. In 1719 after the death of the Jesuit father [[Michel Le Tellier (1643-1719)|Michel Le Tellier]], confessor to the late Louis XIV, Bernard de Montfaucon took his place as confessor to the young Louis XV.

Bernard de Montfaucon died on December 21, 1741 in the [[Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]].

Dom Bernard de Montfaucon avait commencé ses travaux d'érudition grecque et latine bien avant son départ pour l'Italie (1680) qu'il parcourut en tout sens à la recherche de manuscrits pour la publication des œuvres de saint Jean Chrysostome, et où il fut un moment procureur de son ordre à la suite de la mort de son prédécesseur Dom Estiennot. À [[Rome]], le pape [[Innocent XII]] qui avait facilité son voyage le reçut très honorablement, mais il fut en butte à la jalousie de Zacagni sous-bibliothécaire au [[Vatican]] et soutint des luttes contres les jésuites<ref>il écrira qu'à Rome il n'avait rien de plus à faire que surveiller les jésuites</ref>. Enfin, il rentra en France en juin 1701.