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=== Working styles ===
Two primary types of working styles exist,{{citation needed}} each benefiting from contributions of the other:
#'''Alone/Quiet/Focused''' workers are typically self-paced, internal thinkers who are driven by goals and are conscious of ownership issues. They are usually best at expressing themselves in writing.
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{{main|Theory of multiple intelligences}}
While psychologist [[Howard Gardner]] identified seven major realms of intelligence{{citation needed}}, a more simple set of ''acuities'' may be more useful within smaller groups. Four roles have been identified and are defined as follows (note that individuals may score high in more than one category):
:The '''conceptualist''' role typically provides ideas, concepts and the 'visionary' direction of the group
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[[Image:Evaluating-thinking-styles.png|thumb|right|A chart used to evaluate the thinking style of persons, particularly for use in collaborative teams.]]
There are two main components of thinking styles: internal and external{{citation needed}}, they share similarities to the [[extraversion and introversion]] traits seen in human [[Personality psychology|personalities]]. The two thinking styles are dichotomies and can be used as axes when charting personal evaluation; note that "there is no 'right' place on the grid." <ref name="spencelecture" />
==== Creation of ideas ====
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{{main|Representational systems (NLP)}}
For collaboration purposes, three [[learning styles]] are typically identified{{citation needed}}:
* '''[[Auditory learning]]''' occurs through hearing the spoken word and represents approximately 25% of the population<ref name="spencelecture" />
* '''[[Kinesthetic learning]]''' occurs through doing, touching and interacting and represents approximately 40% of the population<ref name="spencelecture" />
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* 11% based on words
In collaborative groups, two styles of communication are likely to be found{{citation needed}}:
* '''Indirect''' communicators are typically persons who use intuitive means to understand the needs and desires of others. They find direct questions difficult to answer and direct communication rude and insensitive.
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{{main|Respect}}
In [[collaboration]], respect is a critical component of group performance{{citation needed}} and is given and/or received in two distinctly different ways:
The '''give none''' model of collaborative respect is seen when individuals or teams expect others to earn respect based on the actions of those persons. This often occurs inside organizations, businesses and other groups where there is an existing commonality. Persons joining a collaborative team must prove what they can do and how they are valuable to the group to gain respect and continue working with the group.
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==== Exercises ====
'''Clustering''' is often used to define and understand the ''basic thematics'' of the topic (such as 'danger,' as seen in the image).{{citation needed}} What follows is approximately 10–15 minutes of clustering and writing of anything and everything that comes to mind—whether related or unrelated and opposing or supporting. Next, to move forward and solidify group understanding, a voting process is used to identify the most thought-provoking or applicable statements about each ''basic thematic;'' finally, the group shares and discusses observations. The critical caveat of the writing and voting portion is that they both are performed silently, unjudging, divergently and done with confidence that every contribution is critical.<ref>Marks, Andrea. "The Role of Writing in a Design Curriculum." AIGA: Design Education (2004). 26 July 2007 [http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/the-role-of-writing-in-a-design-curriculum]</ref>
'''Grouping''' is often used to agree on actions, items and properties within specific categories of a project. In creative problem solving—game design, for example—the categories "Duration, Purpose/Goal, Theme, Primary Activity, Physicality, Challenge, Audience and Location/Environment" might be used.
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[[Image:Collaborative-looping-exercise-and-voting.jpg|thumb|right|Collaborative writing exercises ("clustering" is shown here) can be used for development of ideas. Colored tabs of paper—attached to the large page—are used in a collaborative voting exercise to gain consensus.]]
[[Opinion poll|Polling the opinions]] of all group members is necessary to equalize ownership of the collaborative project.{{citation needed}} There are two principal ways to do this through [[voting]]:
* '''Written voting''' is a more formal method of establishing consensus that is useful to avoid conflict and pick specific means of proceeding. This is typically done in silence and is particularly valuable to engage internal thinkers.
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==Barriers to effective collaboration==
A main barrier to collaboration may be the difficulty in achieving agreement when diverse viewpoints exist{{citation needed}}. This can make effective decision-making more difficult. Even if collaboration members do manage to agree they are very likely to be agreeing from a different perspective. This is often called a cultural boundary. For example:
* A culture where rank or job title is important makes it hard for a lower rank person who may be more qualified than their superior for the job it had to collaborate. The lower rank person is told what to do. This is not collaboration
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